Kế toán - Kiểm toán - Chapter 7: A closer look at overhead costs

Nội dung text: Kế toán - Kiểm toán - Chapter 7: A closer look at overhead costs

1. Chapter 7 A closer look at overhead costs Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd, PPTs t/a Management Accounting: An Australian Perspective 3/e by Langfield-Smith, Thorne & Hilton Slides prepared by Kim Langfield-Smith
2. What are overhead costs? s For product costing, these are indirect product costs s For responsibility costing, these are indirect costs of responsibility areas s Manufacturing overhead costs Ù All manufacturing costs other than direct material and direct labour continued Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd, PPTs t/a Management Accounting: An Australian Perspective 3/e by Langfield-Smith, Thorne & Hilton 2 Slides prepared by Kim Langfield-Smith
3. What are overhead costs? s Manufacturing overhead costs Ù Incurred for a variety of products that cannot be traced to individual products Ù Can be traced to individual product but it is not worth the trouble Ù Can be traced to individual produce but where it is more appropriate to treat this cost as a cost of all output continued Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd, PPTs t/a Management Accounting: An Australian Perspective 3/e by Langfield-Smith, Thorne & Hilton 3 Slides prepared by Kim Langfield-Smith
4. What are overhead costs s Manufacturing overhead includes the cost of manufacturing support departments s Includes the cost of indirect material and indirect labour s Non-manufacturing costs are all costs incurred outside of manufacturing Ù May be included in product costs for use in internal product-related decisions, but not for external reporting Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd, PPTs t/a Management Accounting: An Australian Perspective 3/e by Langfield-Smith, Thorne & Hilton 4 Slides prepared by Kim Langfield-Smith
5. Allocating indirect costs: general principles s Using cost pools Ù Cost assignment can take two forms x Direct costs can be traced directly to products x Indirect costs cannot be traced to cot objected, so need to be allocated Ù A cost pool is a collection of costs that are to be allocated to cost objects x Have a common allocation base x Often used to simplify the allocation process Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd, PPTs t/a Management Accounting: An Australian Perspective 3/e by Langfield-Smith, Thorne & Hilton 5 Slides prepared by Kim Langfield-Smith
6. Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd, PPTs t/a Management Accounting: An Australian Perspective 3/e by Langfield-Smith, Thorne & Hilton 6 Slides prepared by Kim Langfield-Smith
7. Allocating indirect costs: general principles s Determining cost allocation bases Ù A cost allocation base is some factor or variable that allows us to allocate costs in a cost pool to cost objects x Ideally should be a cost driver Ù A cost driver is an activity or factor that causes costs to be incurred Ù Ideally cost should increase or decrease in direct proportion to the allocation case (or cost driver) Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd, PPTs t/a Management Accounting: An Australian Perspective 3/e by Langfield-Smith, Thorne & Hilton 7 Slides prepared by Kim Langfield-Smith
8. Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd, PPTs t/a Management Accounting: An Australian Perspective 3/e by Langfield-Smith, Thorne & Hilton 8 Slides prepared by Kim Langfield-Smith
9. Allocating overhead costs to products s Reliable product costs are important in a range of management decisions s An important issue is how to allocate indirect costs to obtain a reliable estimate of a product’s cost s Three possible approaches Ù A plantwide rate Ù Departmental rate, or Ù Activity-based costing continued Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd, PPTs t/a Management Accounting: An Australian Perspective 3/e by Langfield-Smith, Thorne & Hilton 9 Slides prepared by Kim Langfield-Smith
10. Allocating overhead costs to products s Using a plant-wide rate Ù A plantwide rate is a single overhead rate that is calculated for the entire production plant Ù Identify the overhead cost driver Ù Calculate the overhead rate per unit of cost driver Ù Apply manufacturing overhead cost to product based on the predetermined overhead rate continued Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd, PPTs t/a Management Accounting: An Australian Perspective 3/e by Langfield-Smith, Thorne & Hilton 10 Slides prepared by Kim Langfield-Smith
11. Allocating overhead costs to products s Using departmental overhead rates to allocate overhead to products s Two-stage cost allocation for department overhead rates Ù Stage one, where overhead cost are assigned to production department, and Ù Stage two, overhead cost are applied to products continued Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd, PPTs t/a Management Accounting: An Australian Perspective 3/e by Langfield-Smith, Thorne & Hilton 11 Slides prepared by Kim Langfield-Smith
12. Allocating overhead costs to products Predetermined Budgeted manufacturing overhead manufacturing = overhead rate Budgeted level of cost driver Predetermined Quantity of cost Applied overhead = overhead rate x driver consumed by the product Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd, PPTs t/a Management Accounting: An Australian Perspective 3/e by Langfield-Smith, Thorne & Hilton 12 Slides prepared by Kim Langfield-Smith
13. Departmental overhead rates s Two-stage cost allocation process Ù Overhead costs allocated to products via departments x Overhead costs assigned to production and support departments x Overhead costs applied to products Ù Separate manufacturing overhead rates are calculated for each production department, using different cost drivers Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd, PPTs t/a Management Accounting: An Australian Perspective 3/e by Langfield-Smith, Thorne & Hilton 13 Slides prepared by Kim Langfield-Smith
14. Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd, PPTs t/a Management Accounting: An Australian Perspective 3/e by Langfield-Smith, Thorne & Hilton 14 Slides prepared by Kim Langfield-Smith
15. Activity-based costing to assign overhead costs s Focuses attention on the costs of activities required to produce a product or service Ù Overhead costs are assigned to activities Ù Activity costs are applied to products using a rate, based on the activity cost per unit of cost driver s Activities Ù A unit of work performance within the organisation Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd, PPTs t/a Management Accounting: An Australian Perspective 3/e by Langfield-Smith, Thorne & Hilton 15 Slides prepared by Kim Langfield-Smith
16. Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd, PPTs t/a Management Accounting: An Australian Perspective 3/e by Langfield-Smith, Thorne & Hilton 16 Slides prepared by Kim Langfield-Smith
17. Activity-based costing vs. two-stage allocation s Departmental Ù Stage 1: allocation bases used are ideally determined by causal relationships Ù Stage 2: one cost driver per department, with cost drivers being measures of production s Activity-based costing Ù Focuses on costs of activities Ù Many cost drivers which may be volume or non- volume related Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd, PPTs t/a Management Accounting: An Australian Perspective 3/e by Langfield-Smith, Thorne & Hilton 17 Slides prepared by Kim Langfield-Smith
18. Costs and benefits of alternative approaches s Plantwide and departmental overhead costing systems tend to overcost high- volume relatively simple products and undercost low-volume complex products s ABC systems are more complicated and costly to operate, but produce more accurate information for decision making Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd, PPTs t/a Management Accounting: An Australian Perspective 3/e by Langfield-Smith, Thorne & Hilton 18 Slides prepared by Kim Langfield-Smith
19. Issues in estimating overhead rates s Identifying overhead cost drivers Ù What major factor causes manufacturing overhead to be incurred? Ù To what extent does the overhead cost vary in proportion with the cost driver? Ù How easy is it to measure the cost driver? continued Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd, PPTs t/a Management Accounting: An Australian Perspective 3/e by Langfield-Smith, Thorne & Hilton 19 Slides prepared by Kim Langfield-Smith
20. Issues in estimating overhead rates s Volume-based cost drivers Ù Include output and input drivers Ù Need to select a cost driver that is common to all products s Non-volume-based cost drivers Ù Need to be careful in assigning volume based cost driver to fixed costs Ù Activity-based costing recognises both volume- based and non-volume-based cost drivers continued Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd, PPTs t/a Management Accounting: An Australian Perspective 3/e by Langfield-Smith, Thorne & Hilton 20 Slides prepared by Kim Langfield-Smith
21. Issues in estimating overhead rates s Dual overhead rates: fixed and variable Ù Helps managers understand their behaviour Ù Variable costing: allocates only variable overhead costs to products Ù Product costs will not differ if volume-based cost drivers are used to allocate both fixed and variable overhead overheads to products Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd, PPTs t/a Management Accounting: An Australian Perspective 3/e by Langfield-Smith, Thorne & Hilton 21 Slides prepared by Kim Langfield-Smith
22. Issues in estimating overhead rates s Budgeted vs. actual overhead rates Ù Issue of timeliness and accuracy Ù Budgeted: calculated prior to the commencement of the current year Ù Actual: calculated after the end of the year continued Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd, PPTs t/a Management Accounting: An Australian Perspective 3/e by Langfield-Smith, Thorne & Hilton 22 Slides prepared by Kim Langfield-Smith
23. Issues in estimating overhead rates s Over what period should overhead rates be set? Ù Generally a year, as monthly rates tend to fluctuate too much with price changes and seasonal factors Ù A normalised overhead rate smooths out fluctuations in overhead rates and product costs continued Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd, PPTs t/a Management Accounting: An Australian Perspective 3/e by Langfield-Smith, Thorne & Hilton 23 Slides prepared by Kim Langfield-Smith
24. Issues in estimating overhead rates s Estimating the amount of cost driver: the effects of capacity Ù Denominator volume: an estimate of the quantity of cost driver used to determine overhead rates Ù Expected use: budget volume or normal volume Ù Expected supply: theoretical capacity or practical capacity Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd, PPTs t/a Management Accounting: An Australian Perspective 3/e by Langfield-Smith, Thorne & Hilton 24 Slides prepared by Kim Langfield-Smith
25. Allocating indirect costs to responsibility centres s Levels of cost allocation Ù Corporate level: some head office costs are allocated to business units Ù Within business units: administrative costs of business units may be allocated to operating units Ù In the manufacturing plant: indirect manufacturing costs may be allocated to production departments continued Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd, PPTs t/a Management Accounting: An Australian Perspective 3/e by Langfield-Smith, Thorne & Hilton 25 Slides prepared by Kim Langfield-Smith
26. Allocating indirect costs to responsibility centres s Reasons Ù Helps managers understand the economic effects of their decisions Ù Encourages a particular pattern of resource usage Ù Supports the product costing system continued Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd, PPTs t/a Management Accounting: An Australian Perspective 3/e by Langfield-Smith, Thorne & Hilton 26 Slides prepared by Kim Langfield-Smith
27. Allocating indirect costs to responsibility centres s General principles Ù Ideally allocation bases will be cost drivers with clear and direct relationships between the amount of cost and the level of activity, other criteria include x Benefits received x Ability to bear Ù Using allocation bases that are not cost drivers needs to be handled with extreme caution continued Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd, PPTs t/a Management Accounting: An Australian Perspective 3/e by Langfield-Smith, Thorne & Hilton 27 Slides prepared by Kim Langfield-Smith
28. Allocating indirect costs to responsibility centres s Using budgeted, not actual, allocation data will Ù Minimise the possibility that the activities of one department will affect the costs allocated to other departments Ù Provide better information for managers to plan and control their use of indirect resources Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd, PPTs t/a Management Accounting: An Australian Perspective 3/e by Langfield-Smith, Thorne & Hilton 28 Slides prepared by Kim Langfield-Smith
29. Support department costs to production departments s To inform users of the costs of using services, to assist in planning and control activities s To form part of the predetermined overhead rates used to cost products Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd, PPTs t/a Management Accounting: An Australian Perspective 3/e by Langfield-Smith, Thorne & Hilton 29 Slides prepared by Kim Langfield-Smith
30. Support department costs to production departments s Allocation methods include Ù Direct: support departments costs are allocated directly to production departments Ù Step-down: partially recognises services provided by one support department to another Ù Reciprocal services: fully recognises the provision of services between support departments Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd, PPTs t/a Management Accounting: An Australian Perspective 3/e by Langfield-Smith, Thorne & Hilton 30 Slides prepared by Kim Langfield-Smith
31. Support department costs to production departments s Which allocation method is best? Ù Costs versus benefits x Consider allocation bases and their accuracy x Beware of arbitrary and inaccurate cost allocation Ù Where reciprocal relationships are strong, the reciprocal services method may be more appropriate continued Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd, PPTs t/a Management Accounting: An Australian Perspective 3/e by Langfield-Smith, Thorne & Hilton 31 Slides prepared by Kim Langfield-Smith
32. Support department costs to production departments s Other issues Ù In service organisations there is no need to distinguish between production and non- production areas in determining the costs of service outputs Ù In flexible manufacturing systems individual products are performed within the one defined work area, so the need to allocate indirect production costs to products declines Copyright  2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd, PPTs t/a Management Accounting: An Australian Perspective 3/e by Langfield-Smith, Thorne & Hilton 32 Slides prepared by Kim Langfield-Smith