Tài liệu Nước Nhật và người Nhật - Phần 1

Nội dung text: Tài liệu Nước Nhật và người Nhật - Phần 1

1. THEASS(ICIATION F(lROUERSEAS TECHNICAL SCHI)LARSHIP M()TS] xtJdc NHAII NGtIdI NHAT A H6#ffif AOTS (^t l- iAFE)
2. M(IC LUC cHrJdNGr DIAr,f vA r_'.IcHsr] Phongthd 1 Bdn mria 4 Giao thdng 6 Lich sfi 8 DAn tQc vd ng6n ngrl I CHIJdNG II CHfI\H TRI Hidn phrip 11 HQ thdng chfnh quydn trung trdng L2 HQ thdng chinh quydn dia phtrong t2 Chinh ddng L4 Tham gia chfnh tri 15 CHT'dNG III GIA DiNH Crr trri L7 Kinh td gia clinh 20 Srl dgng thi gid nhAn r6i 22 Girio duc 24 CHIJdNG Tv vA.N H6A Khudn m6u hdnh dQngcria ngUdi Nhat 27 Quan Hdn Tang Td 30 ViQc 5n udng 32 T6n girio 34 cHUdNGv vAx oS nrgx r4r SqItidn thAn trong xa hQi ctia ngrrdi phq n[ 37 Xe hQi cao ni6n h6a 38 Qudctd h6a 39 m
3. CHUdNG 1 DIA LY VA LJCHSiI PHoNG rnd (kd T\iOn tich ciraNhat b6n ld 377.600km, cd diQntich 4.966km2cfra t-r 16nh thd phia g6c). Qudn cl6oNhat bdn duoc tao thdnh gdm 4 d6o ldn ld Hokkaido, Honshyu, Kyushyu, Shikoku vd chirng 4.000 d6o nh6 khdc. Til Nam chi Bdc ddi chtrng 3.000km vdi nhfrng d6y ntii trdi ddi 6 chinh gifra, til dAy ph6t xudt nhrlng gibng sOng ngfn chdy sidt dd nddc ra bidn c6 chung quanh. Vdi chtrng 70VodiQn tich ld ndi cldi, phAn cl6ngdAn sd sdng t4p trung tai mQt sd ving ddng bhng ven sOngvd binh nguyOnduy6n hdi gidi h4n. NhQt B6n c6 nrii lfia vd rdt thudng dQng ildt. \n nhidu nrii md. lai it ddng bbng n6n ky thuat ddo dudng hdm, kf thuft n6ng nghiQp (ky thuat dat thAu hoach cao vdi di6n tich canh t6c hep) vd ki thuat thriy loi dtroc ph6t tridn. C6 chitng 80 nggn nfi lfia tai Nhat b6n, ngon nrii cao nhdt ld Fuji (Phri si 3.776m) cfrng ld n(ri l&a. DAn sd vudt qua mtc 124 triQu trong t16c6 11 thdnh phd ldn vdi dAn sd tr6n l- triQu md phAn ldn t{p trung d vDng bd bidn ThAi binh drrong. Vd hanh chdnh Nhat b6n duoc chia thdnh 47 d6, d4o phti, tinh (To, Do, Fu, Ken = Tinh), vd drrdi d6 la thdnh phd, qu{n, khu, x6, th6n. Nhin quanh Nhat bin dAu cfrng ld bidn, khdng c6 nhfng dudng bi6n gidi nhu ddt lidn. Vi lf do tl6 tU xa xda ngudi Nhat b6n ala thudng it khi tidp xfc vdi ngrrdi ngoai qudc. Hon nfra vi tU xa xua chi trdng cQy vdo ngudn h6i sdn ild ldy chdt dam n6n k! thuAt ngtr nghiOp cfrng rdt phat tridn. Okinawa dd drroc hodn tr6 lai vdo ndm t972 sau 27 ndm bi Hoa kj' chidm d6ng khi thd chidn kdt thfic. Ngodi ra virng cldt phia B6c cfrng bi LiOn sO (tOn goi vdo thdi cl6) chidm d6ng cho ddn ngdy nay. Til d6 ildn nay chinh phfi Nhat bdn v6n tidp tuc chfr truong virng ddt phia Bdc ln lSnh thd cd htru cfra Nhdt b6n.
4. Linhthd phia Bfc VtngHokkaldo ffi t\.P " (VirnqB{c hli dao) S^a BIENNHAT BAN VingTohoku (ving 00ng b5c) ) (Uinglrung bQ) vingHokuriku (ving B{c l1;c) VingChugoku (vingTrung quOc) UtngKanlo (vins0uandons) Y rai \ lhii) \ (vingCin ki' haY Quan tdY) THAI BiNH DUdNG VingShlkoku (vingTf qu0c) -) ol VingKyushu (ving Cttu chiu) DiQntich Hokkaido(kd cl ldnhthd phia Bf c) 83.408km'? 22,1% Honshu 230.964km2 61,11o Shikoku 18.796kmz 5,0% Kyushu 44.410km2 1.1,8% B0Noi vu
5. T0nc6c 00,0a0, Phi, tinh Din sd(ngudi) Tdahdnh ch6nh tinh ilfl t4i 0?nsd(ngrtUi) lHokkaidol VingHokkaido lHonshul VingTohoku 3. TinhAkita 1.227.478 ThanhDhd Akita s02.899 4. Tinhlwate 1.416.928 ThinhphO Morioka 278.177 5. TinhYamagata 1.258.390 Thdnhphd Yamagata 247.204 't0 6.Tlnh Miyagi 2.248.558 Thinhnhd Sendai 923.1 7. TinhFukushima 2.104.058 Thinhohd Fukushima 280.069 VungKanlo 8.Tinh lbaraki 2.845.382 ThdnhphO Mito 244.434 9.Tinh Tochigi 1.935.168 ThdnhphO utsunomiya 429.514 10.Tinh Gunma 1.966.265 ThinhphO Maebashi 286.931 11.Tinh Saitama 6.405.319 ThinhphO Urawa 430.672 12.Tht d0 Tokyo 11.855.563 230u0n 7.989.687 13.Tinh Kanagawa 7.980.391 Thinhphd Yokohama 3.?54.594 14.Tinh Chiba 5.555.429 ThinhphO Chiba 831.645 vlng Ghubu 15.Tinn Yamanashi 852.966 Thanhpno Kotu 199.19/ 16.Tlnh Niigata 2.474.583 Thenhph6 Niigata 480.079 17.Tinh Nagano 2.'t56.627 ThinhphO Nagano 350.593 18.Tinh Toyama 1.120.161 ThinhphdToyama 320.305 '19.Tlnh Gifu 2.066.569 Thanhphd Gifu 406.697 20.Tinh lshikawa 1.'t64.628 Thinhphd Kanazawa 432.542 2'1.finh Fukui 823.585 Thinhphd Fukui 251.876 22.Tnh Shizuoka 3.670.840 Thinhphd Shizuoka 472.573 23.Tinh Aichi 6.690.603 ThinhphO.Nagoya 2.107.370 24.Tinh Mie 1.792.514 Inann Dno tsu 158.167 VungKinki 25.Tinh Shi0a 1.222.411 Tnanhpho 0tsu 263.4/6 26.Tinh Nara 1.375.481 Thdnhphd Nara 352.358 27.Phtr Kyoto 2.602.460 Thirnhphd Kyoto 1.404.548 28.Ph[r Osaka 8.734.516 ThinhphO Osaka 2.506.678 29.Tlnh Wakayama 1.074.325 Thinhphd Wakayama 401.383 30.Tinh 5.405.040 ThdnhphO Kobe 1.469.643' 32.Tinh Okayama 1.925.877 ThinhphtlOkayama 595.129 33.Tinh Shimane 781.021 Thinhph6 Matsue 142.534 34.Tinh Hiroshima 2.849.847 Thinhohd Hiroshima 1.075.104 35.Tinh Yamaguchi 1.572.616 Thinhph6 Yamaguchi 127.826 37.Tinh Tokushima 831598 Thinhphd Tokushima 261.835 38.Tinh Ehime 151 5025 ThinhphO Matsuyama 453.754 39.Tinh Kochi 825034 Thinhphd Kochi 316.591 lKyushul VtngKyushu 41.Tinh 0ita 1.236.942 ThinhphO Oita 412.660 42.Tinh Miyazaki 1.168.907 ThinhphO Miyazaki 292.035 43.Tlnh Saga 877.851 ThinhphO Saga 168.244 44.Tinh Nagasaki 1.562.959 ThinhphO Nagasaki 443.019 45. TinhKumamoto 1.840.326 Thinhphd Kumamoto 627.011 46.Tinh Kagoshima 1.797.824 ThdnhphO Kagoshima 535.279 47.Tnh 0kinawa 1.222.398 ThenhDhd Naha 306.364 TdngcOng gdm 1 D01 Oao2 Phir43 tlnh(didu tra dan sd 1992)
6. BON MUA DuqcphAn ldm XuAn,H?, Thu, D0ng mQt cSch16 rOt, c6 mua quanhndm nhtrnglugng mrranhidu nhdt ld vdo dAuHb vd mria Thu. QuAnd6o Nhat b6n hdu nhu nhm trong khu vttc 0n ddi thich hop vdi viQctrdng hia. Vi ddt nr-idcch?y dai til Nam chi Bdc nhu thd nOnkhi hdu Nam vdi B6c hoirn todn khricbi6t. Dic sdc cfia bdn mira Xudn: Hoa c6 vd cAy cdi bdt dAu xanh trroi. MDa hoa Anh dio nd b6o hiQuXuAn vd. Mtia mrfa: Mua li0n tuc ti/ trung tuAn thdng 6 ctdntrung tuAn ) th6ng 7 ngo4i trtl virng Hokkaido. Nhirng cdn mua qui b6u ndy khOng thd thidu cho vi6c trdng l6a. Hq: Ap sudt kh6ng khi cao tr6n virng bidn phia Nam ldm n6n nht(ng ngdy ndng tdt nhttng n6ng brlc li6n tuc. Bai bidn vi hd tdm hic nho cfrng n6o nhiQt. Bio: 86o ph6t sinh d vilng bidn gAn Phi luAt TAn til trung tudn thdng 7 ddn trung tudn thdng 10, mang ddn NhAt b6n nhtrng cdn mtra to gi6 ldn gAy nhidu thiet hai to tdt tai nhidu noi. Thu: L6 cdy b6t tlAu nhudm mdu d6 ho[c mdu vdng. Ddng: Nhltng cdn gi6 mia til phia Bdc ldm phia bidn NhQt bin c6 tuydt to, trong khi phia Thdi binh Duong thi khOng khi kh6 r5o vir ) trdi luOn sring stia. @ 4
7. KHi HAu va sdN nnue lKhi hfu vi lrrOng nr/dc mr/al (Tokyo) Inang I Ihdng2 I nano\) Thiing4 Thrinq5 Ihing6 I nanq / Thins8 Thrinq9 Ihrinq1 0 Inano | | rnanotz 5.2"C 5.6 8.5 tq I 18.6 21.7 25.2 27.1 IJ.L 17.6 12.6 7.9 NhiOtt ) 15,6"C linhqud hingnd ) 45mm 60 100 125 138 185 126 148 r80 164 89 46 T SU nuocr ua trong 406m l .1961 [Ni0nbidu khoa hgc 1992: Binh quan til nam ddnnim 1990] r'l-J <-1J
8. Giao thdng M6y bay C6c tuydn tludng bay nQi dia ndi lidn c6c thdnh phd quan trong nhrr Sap- poro, Tokyo, Osaka, Fukuoka, Naha v.v TrOn tohn nddc Nhat c6 79 phi trUdng vd c6 7 cdng ty hdng khdng hoat dQngvdi 163 tuydn dudng bay. Dudng sdt Tdng sd chidu dii c6c tuydn drrdngsdt tr6n Nhat b6n ld 27.000km (Cdc d6o Honshu, Hokkaido, Shikoku, Kyushu dugc ndi lidn vdi nhau bhng hQ thdng cAu hodc dudng hdm drrdi c16ybidn). Sd lttong hdnh kh6ch sfi dr;ng m6i n[m l6n ddn 20,7 t9 ngudi. DAy ln phuong ti6n ti6n loi, hiQu qu6 vd ),' an tohn nhdt. HAu nhu c6c thdnh phd cldudrroc ndi lidn bhng hO thdng tuydn dudng JR, cdc thinh phd ld'n vi. cdc khu du lich thi c6 cdc hQ thdng tuydn tludng tu nhAn hoat dOng song song hod.cphu trd cho tuydn JR. JR: Kd tU khi tuydn dudng sdt dAu ti6n ctia Nhat bdn ndi lidn Shinbashi vd Yokohama ra ddi nam L872, JNR (CUctlrrdng s6t qudc gia Nhat) d6ng vai trb cdt loi v6 dudng sdt cfraNhat bin sudt 1L4 nd.mcho t6i khi n6 duoc trr nhAn h6a vd phAn chia thdnh 6 c0ng ty trl nhdn vd dudng sdt chuydn ch& hdnh kh6ch tr6n tohn qudc nhrl c6ng ty JR Higashi-Nihon, cOngty JR Nishi-Nihon v.v vi c5.cc6ng ty dudng sdt chuy6n chd hdng h6a vho th6ng 4 ndm 1987. JR hoat dQngtr6n tuydn drrdngdai 20.000km vdi hon 25.000 chuydn tdu m6i ngay (kd cd tuydn cao tdc Shinkansen). Tai c6c ving thdnh phd ldn, hO thdng tQp trung ) phUc vu rdt hoirn chinh thi du nhtr tuydn Yamanote; tuydn Chuo tai Tokyo, chuydn Osaka Kanjo tai Osaka v.v Shinkansen: B6t dAu hoat ttQngtir nim 1964 vdi chi ti6u chuyOnch6 tl6ng dAo hdnh kh6ch bhng mQt v4n tdc cao dn dinh nhung an tohn. HiQn tai Shinkansen chAy v6i vAn tdc cao nhdt ld 270km/g, vir nhlrng cuQcthi nghiQm dd vd dang dtroc x0c tidn dd ndi lidn Tokyo vh Osaka trong vdng 1 gid tldng hd. 6
9. Drrdng sdt trr nhAn: HiQn tai c6 132 cOngty drrdngsdt cirng vdi JR tao thdnh h0 thdng m?ng ludi tr6n todn qudc.Cde c6ng ty drrdngsdt chfi ydu gdm c6: Tokyo Tobu Tetsudo,Seibu Tetsudo,Keisei Tetsudo,Keio Teito Dentetsu, Odakyu Dentetsu, Tokyu Dentetsu, Keihin Kyuko Nagoya Nagoya Tetsudo Kyoto, Osaka, Kobe Kinki Nippon Tetsudo, Nankai Denki Tetsudo, Keihan Denki Tetsudo, Hankyu Denki Tetsudo, Hanshin Denki Tetsudo Kyushu Nishi Nihon Tetsudo Dr/dng xe diQn ngdm: Hoat ilQng t4i 9 thdnh phd ldn li Tokyo, Osaka, Nagoya, Yokohama, Kobe, Kyoto, Sapporo,Fukuoka, Sendai ld mdt trong nhfrng phrrong ti6n giao thdng chinh, 16 tidn tld tli ldm vd ili hgc. Drt'dng xd vdr xe hoi Todn thd hC thdng dudng xd t4i Nhat b6n ddi 1.12 tri6u km (kd cd 4.560km tltrdng cao tdc) trong d6 70Vodd cluoctr6ng nhua. Nhat bdn c6 58.600.000chidc xe hoi drlng h4ng nhi sau Hoa kj' tuy nhi6n mat d0 xe hoi so vdi diQn tich lai drlng hdng ttdu thd gi6i vi thd n4n ket xe, tai nan giao thdng, khi thei, tidng dn v.v trd thdnh nhlrng vdn dd xe hQi. Tai nan giao th6ng: Qua sr,fphd c{p cfra xe hdi, ndm 1970 sd ngudi chdt vi tai nan giao thdng l6n ddn cao clidm le 16.765 ngtrdi, nhung tir cldy c6 khuynh hrrdng srit gi6m. Tuy nhi6n kd ti/ khodng ndm 1985 lai gia tdng vd nim 1990 con sd nb.yvtfdt tr6n 11.000 ngUdi. Nhdt ld nhf,ng tai nan chdt ngttdi do tdi xd ld thdnh phdn tr6 thudng hay xAy ra. Ch6nh phfi vd cdc nhd s6n xudt n6 luc itdi ph6 vdi vdn dd ndy qua vi6c bdt bugc mang d6y dai an todn, hodc viQctrang bi gdi hoi, hQ thdng ngila trtr{t b6nh khi th6ng (ABS), ldm cfia xe crlng c6p thdm v.v tuy nhi6n didu quan trong nhdt ld t6c phong dqo drlc cria ngudi cAm tay l6i v6n cdn nhidu thidu s6t. 7
10. Lich sfi Nhat b6n tirng ndi lidn vdi luc dia A chAu,nhung tr6i qua nhfing bidn tlOngcfia ldp v6 dia cdu vd hoat dQng cria nfi lita n6 cld t6ch rdi kh6i luc dia vd mang hinh th6i gidng nhu ngdy h6m nay t<dtU chrlng 10.000 nim tnJdc. Thdi dai nguy6n thrfry (8.000 ndm trd6c Thi6n ch(ra- thd ki thrl 3) Con ngrrdi sinh hoat chinh ydu dua trOn viQc sin bdn vd g6p nhat. Tdi khoAng thd ki thf 3 vi6c tr6ng lfra duoc truydn sang tit lqc dia. Thdi cd aqi (thd ki tlrlt 4 - thd k9 12) Vdn h6a luc dia drrocdu nhap vdo vd ndn tAng dd thdnh hinh mQt qudc ) gia d5 vllng chdi, viQcphAn dinh giai cdp dd trd n6n 16 rdng. Trdng hia rt6 trd thdnh c6ng viQcchinh vd ddi sdng dinh cd dd duoc hinh thdnh. Quydn ltrc ni.m trong tay Thi6n hodng vd giai cdp quf tQc. Thdi trung cd (tfrd ki 13 - thd ki 19) Giai cdp vfr si thay thd giai cdp qui tQc ndm quydn luc. Thi6n chfa gi6o vd sdng h6a mai duoc truydn vho tit' gifra thd ki 16. TiJ dAu thd kjr 17 viQc thdng thuong vDrgiao thi6p vdi ngoai qudc bi cdm trrf mQt sd khu vrlc gi6i han. Tir thd ki 17 ddn thd ki 19 la mQt thdi dai vO cirng dn dinh. Thdi cin dai (thd ki 19 - trudc thd chidn thrr 2) Do 6p luc cria Hoa kj', Nhat bdn phii md crla vd Thi6n hodng lai duoc khdi phuc quy6n luc. Sau khi md cfia nhhm theo kip c6c qudc gia khdc, Nhat b6n d6 khuydn khich chfnh srich cOngk! nghQ md cdt l6i la cdng )r nghiQp, nhtrng qua cuQckhring ho6ng kinh td thd gi6i Nhat b6n budc vdo con dudng cria chri nghia quAn phiQt. Thdi hiQn d4i (Hau chiSn) Chidn tranh chdm dft ndm 1.945sau khi hai qu6 bom nguy6n trl th6 xudng Hiroshima vit Nagasaki. Sau thd chidn Nhat b6n ddc tod.nluc qudc gia CldphUc hrrng xrirs6, xAy dtrng lai mQt qudc gia hoh binh. Nuong theo ndn kinh td tdng tnldng cao,Nhflt bAn cle vddt qua duoc 2 lAn bidn dQng dAu ho6 dd trd thdnh mQt trong nhdng cudng qudc kinh td trOn thd gidi. 8
11. DAn tQc vi ngdn ngfi Ngudn gdc cria ngudi Nhat c6 nhidu thuydt nhu Id ttl phia Bdc, tit Nam A ChAu, ttr cric d6o d phrrongNam tuy nhiOn chua c6 thuydt ndo vlrng ci. C6 thuydt cho rXng ngudi Nhat ngay h6m nay ld do sr1pha m6u cfra c6c dAn tQctr6n. C6 thuydt thi cho rhng Nhat b6n ld mQt qudc gia chi c6 1 dAn tQc, tuy nhi6n x6t cho k! n6 ld su thdnh hinh crja nhidu dAn tOc nhu ngtrdi Nhat, ngudi Ainu (Hokkaido), ngrJdiDai hAn, ngudi Tridu ti6n, ngt/di Trung qudc sdng tai NhQt. GAn dAy sd ngudi ngoai qudc crl tni tai Nhat b6n cfrng c6 gia tang. Con ngtrdi d6 sinh sdng tai qudn d6o Nhat b6n til trdn 10000 nim trddc. Tidng n6i thi chi c6 tidng Nhat nhung c6 nhidu thd dm (Hogen),thd Am Tohoku vh Kyushu rdt kh6. Tuy nhi6n vdi tidng ti6u chudn c6 thd truydn dgt ttr td&ng ddy dri dugc. Ngddi Nhat sft dung chrl vidt gdm c6 H6n tu vd b0 chfr Kana. H6n trr duoc luu truydn tr} Trung qudc cbn bQ chlt Kana (gdm Hiragana vd Katakana) dtlgc chd bidn tir H6n trJ. BO chfr Katakana thtrdng dnng dd vidt c6c ttt ngfr du nhAp tU tidng nddc ngohi. Hiraganavi Katakanalrtqc ctre UiCh til Hiint{ F rf FEJ F X * .t .t ,t J .t .t ')- 4 F 6 vl b .t .t .t ,t ,t .t \ t\ v 4 7 ) h (u) (i) (a) (u) (i) (a) katakana hiragana 9
12. CHUdNG 2 CHINHTRI ia" phrip cia nudc Nhat dugc c6ng bd vdo ngey 3 th6ng 11 ndm ff I I L946, dugc thi hdnh tir ngdy 3 th6ng 5 ndm 1947. Hai ngdy ndy trd thdnh 2 ngiry 16 at6lDr "Ngdy VEn ho6" vDr"Ngdy ki niQm Hidn ph6p". Ba c16ctrtrng chinh Chri quyin t4i d6n - Chir quyAn d noi qudc d6n. Trong hidn ph6p trttdc ddy n6 nim trong tay Thi6n hodng. Chri nghia Hoi binh - Td b6 chidn tranh, cdm chi quydn giao chidn, khOng c6 nghla vu quAn dich. Tdn trong nhdn quy6n cIn bAn - Quydn loi cd hfru cfra con ngudi c6 til khi mdi sanh ra. Thi6n hodng (Nhat Hodng) ld bidu trrQngcho qudc dAn tuyQt ddi khOng c6 mQt quydn han chinh tri ndo c6. Chi cfi hinh mOt sd nghi thrlc qudc gia theo f kidn vd srJthila nh{n cria nQi c6c. Ching hAn nhtr thila nhfn viQctriQu tQp qudc hQi, tidp nh4n viQcbd nhiQm chrlc vu Thfi trJdng do qudc hQi chi dinh, chudn nhfn cdc hiQp rrdc,tidp nhQn riy nhiQm thrr c$a c6.cDai sr1,Cdng sfi, tidp rudc Qudc khdch. Thi0n hodng hi6n tai cfraNhat b6n ld vi Thi0n hodng ddi thf L25 t6n ld Akihito. Ni6n hiQu ld "Heisei" drrgcsfi dqng chung v6i Dtrong lich. Thi6n hodng (Tenno) kh6ng c6 ho, sau khi bdng hd s6 clrrocggi bhng ni6n hiQu cira minh thi dg OO Tenno. 1l
13. H0 thdng chinh quydn trung r/dng D4c trdng (1) Thd chd chinh tri ld dAn chri lAp hidn. (2) Ba quydn LAp ph6p, Hdnh ph6p, Tu phrip drrgcphAn chia 16 ring. Chfng ld nhfrng td chfc dOclap dd kidm so6t, quAn binh l6n nhau. Lap ph6p Qudc hQi ld cd quan tdi cao c6 quydn lrrc qudc gia thdnh hinh bdi c6c dAn bidu Clrrocqudc dAn bAu crl truc tidp, ld co quan lap ph6p duy nhdt. Qudc hQi gdm Ha nghi viQn vd Thr-rongnghi vi6n . Cdc du luAt d5 drrocb6 phidu chdp thu{n tai Ha nghi vi6n dr) c6 bi Thuong nghi vi6n bdc b6 tli chang nfra ndu dem ra Ha nghi viQn b6 phidu lai mDrdrtoc tr6n 2/3 t6ng sd ddn \, bidu hiQn diQn chdp thu4n thi du luAt d6 sOduoc thdng qua. Ngodi ra ludng vi6n qudchdi sE phdi hop dd di6u chinh ngAn s6ch, hi6p trdc,chi dinh thri ttrdng. Khi c6 bdt ddng xiy ra, nghi quy6t crja Ha nghi vi6n dtroc quydn tfu tiOn. Hinh phrip Dugc ndi c6c tl6m nhiQm. Thrj tddng duoc bAu ttr c6c dAn bidu qudc hQi, sau d6 thri tudng chi dinh mOt sd kh6ng qu6 20 bQ trudng. Trr ph6p Dugc tod 6n dAm nhiQm, dudc phAn ldm 5 thir td nhu sau: Tdi Cao Ph6p ViQn (Tda 6ntdi cao),Toir Thrrong Thdm, Tod 6n dia phtrong,Tba 6n gia dinh, Tda Tidu Hinh. )i Chinh quydn dia phrrong Le td chfic dQclQp vdi trung ddng vd c6 quydn han hoat dQngtrr chfi. Qua hinh thrlc ndy chinh tri se ddn gAn vd liOn hQ mat thi6t vdi ngrrdi dAn hon. Tuy goi ld ctQclap vdi trung ufdngnhrlng thrJctd ph6i chiu mQt sd nhfrng han chd vd mat tdi ch6nh vd quydn han hdnh chSnh tr} trung Lfdng.ThAu nhap ngAn sdch gdm c6 thud dia phuong vd mQt sd phAn trdm nhdt dinh nh4n tit thud qudc gia. 12
14. Tam quydn phdn lfp Tuydnct 0u0cdan ph6n x6t phdnt0a 6n tdi cao. (BOphiOu tin nhi0m) Hanghi vion Thuongnghi vien Cdquan l0p ph6p duy nh61 c[la qu6c gia Chidinh Th0 0uydngili tdn Giiimdinh sU tu6ng Hanghi viqn vi hidnclra Nghiquyci bal I ngur?p quoc L0pphap tin nhiqmn0i h0i cic Hinhchiinh (NQi crlc) Ph0th0 tudng + 12 B0 Tuphiip (Toi iin) chdphinh c0ng viec Ng$icanh chUng hinhph6p hiOnphiip Gi6mdinh sU vi clahinh phip . NhAtholng . (bidutuong cho quoc gia) I3
15. Chinh dfrng C6c chinh ddng chri ydu gdm c6 D6ng Tu do DAn chrj (LDP), Ddng Xa h0i Nhat b6n (SPD),Ddng Komei "Cdng minh", Ddng COngs6n NhAt b6n (JCP),Ding Shinshin "TAn tidn", Ddng Sakigake"Ti6n phong" v.v Ddng Tu do dAn chfr li6n tuc ndm chinh quydn tir ndm 1955 ddn ndm 1993. C6c chinh clAngtldi lap chfnh gdm c6 DAng Xa hQi, DAng Cdng minh (dttongthdi), Ding Dan chri xa h6i (duong thdi), Ddng cOng s6n. vi m6t ddng 1i6n tuc ndm chinh quydn nhu thd dA tao n6n nhfrng vdn cld nhu tham nhfrng, thdng ddng tay 3 gifa c6c gidi chinh tri, tdi chinh vh c6ng chrlc tir d6 ndy sinh ra nhfrng tranh lu{n vd viQc cAi c6ch chinh tri. Qua cuQctuydn cfr vdo Ha nghi vi0n ndm 1993, Ddng Ttr do Dan chfr di khOng !,r dat dtroctlfi phdn nfia tdng sd ghd nOn mQt chinh quydn li6n hiQp khOng phdi ln Ddng Trr do DAn chri ra ddi gdm c6 Nhat bdn TAn Ddng, cdc d6ng ddi lap tnt6c dAy (khOng c6 ding COngs6n Nhft b6n) vd DAng TAn sinh, Ddng Sakigake ld 2 DAng tdch ra tr} Ddng Tu do DAn chfi. CUcdiQn chinh tri v6n cdn nhidu bidn d6ng vi vi6c cdi c6ch chinh tri, t6i td chrlc cdc chinh d6ng v6n cbn vddng cuOnvdo nhau. Sd ghe-c0a c6c chfnhdAng tai Ha nghi viQn(1993) lr ffi OAngTU do Dan chil ffil oAnsXi hqiNhat bAn ffi OAngKomei"COng minh" t5 n DAngC0ng sin Nhflt bAn 30 ffil 0AngDAn ch0 xI hOi t5 ffi OAngShinsei "TAn sinh" )0/6 A Nht bdnTdn dAng ffi gAngSakigake "Ti0n phong" S CricdAng ph6i khilc B0Tu tri I4
16. Tham gia vdro chinh tri Phd thOng ddu phidu ddnh cho nhrfng ngrrdi trrrdng thdnh tU 20 tudi trd l6n dd dugc thuc thi til nam 1945. DAy ld hinh thfic dAu phidu binh tt8ng kh6ng phAn bi6t chfing tQc,tfn didu, dia vi, gidu nghdo vd ld hinh thrlc dAu phidu kin b6o ddm t6n cria ngtrdi cli bdu kh6ng bi ghi tr6n 16 phidu. Trudc clAyviQc dAu phidu chi ddnh cho ph6i Nam t'] 25 tudi trd lOn c6 d6ng thud tr6n mdt kho6n nhdt dinh ndo d6. Ngodi ra mudn rlng cfi vdo Thuong nghi viQn vd chrlc Tinh tnldng phdi trOn 30 tudi, cdn c6c chfrcvu kh6c chi cAn tr6n 25 tudi. Ph6n x6t cira qudc dAn (b6 phidu tin nhiQm) Sau khi nhiQm chfrc,Chrj tich Tdi Cao Ph6p ViQn sE dufgcqudc ddn phdn x6t vio lAn tdng tuydn crl td chrlc sau d6. TU d6 crl m6i t0 ndm s6 c6 1 ldn tdi ph6n x6t. Chd dQ ndy cho ph6p bdi mi6n vi Chti tich Tdi Cao PhSp Vien ndu c6 hon phAn nita qudc dAn b6 phidu bdt tin nhiQm. Trtt'ng CAu DAn Y DAy ld m6t trong nhltng thri tuc khi cdn cdi chinh hidn ph6p. Qudc hQi sO td chrlc tn/ng cdu ddn 1f ndu c6 2/3 dAn bidu ludng viQn t6n thdnh vd qua d6 ndu qu6 nira qudc dAn t6n thdnh, hidn phdp s6 drroc cdi chfnh, nhung cho tdi nay tlidu ndy chua duoc thrrc thi qua. Tr6n nguyOnt6c nhiQm kj' cria Ha nghi viQn ld 4 n5m. Tuy nhi6n nhi6m kj' s6 chdm df/t khi qudc hQi bi gi6i trin. NhiQm ky c0a Thrr.ongnghi viQn ld 6 nim vd cfr mdi 3 ndm se bdu lai ph6n nira. Sd ghd cta cdc chinh dAng tai H? nghi viQn (19S0) ffil oangTU do Dan chir ffiNDAng Xd hgiNh|t bAn E 0AngKomei"C0ng minh" f, DAnqCOng sin Nh0tBAn ffi OangDdn chlr xl hOi ffi Cacdlngkhdc B0Nqi vu 15