Tài liệu Luật điều ước quốc tế - Phần 2

Nội dung text: Tài liệu Luật điều ước quốc tế - Phần 2

1. CHlfONG TV THirC HIEN DIEU iTdC QUOC TE 1. THI HANH DIEU \S6c QUOC TE 2. GIAI THICH DIEU \S6c QUOC TE 3. BO SUNG VA Sl/A DOI DIEU UCJC QUOC TE 1. Thi hanh dieu u-dc quoc te Giai doan thyc hien dieu udc qudc te dugc bit dau sau khi dieu udc cd hieu luc. Ddi khi, dieu udc qudc te cd the dugc ap dyng trudc khi nd cd hieu lyc. Trudng hgp nay dugc ggi la ap dyng tam thdi dieu udc qudc te. Dieu 25 Cdng udc Vienna nam 1969 quy djnh rang, dieu udc qudc te hoac mpt phan cua dieu udc qudc te dugc ap dyng tcun thdi trudc khi dieu udc dd cd hipu lyc neu: dieu dd dugc quy djnh ngay trong dieu udc qudc te boic cac qudc gia tham gia dam phan da thda thuan vdi nhau ve dieu nay bing mpt each khac nao dd. Dilu udc quoc te bit dau cd hipu luc cd nghia la dilu udc quAc te dd da chinh thirc rang budc phap ly ddi vdi cac thanh vien cua nd va neu cac thanh vien cua dieu udc qudc te vi pham 139
2. cac dieu khoan ciia dieu udc dd se gay ra nhimg hau qua plap ly qudc te nhat dinh. O tren, chiing ta da de cap den sy can thiet phai gii l\i\i chieu dieu udc qudc te. Noi luu chieu dieu udc qudc te ciing thiyc hipn nhirng chiic nang rieng lien quan den thyc hipn diei udc qudc te. Chang ban nhu luu trir ban gdc dieu udc qudc te, s«o luc cd chiing thyc dieu udc qudc te, thdng tin ve dieu udc qidc tl cho cac ben tham gia (ke ca trudng hgp khdng la thanh vier dilu udc qudc te nhung mudn gia nhap dieu udc dd) ndi chung /a ve thdi gian dieu udc qudc te cd hieu lyc v.v Thuat ngii thyc hien dieu udc qudc te dugc van durg rat khac nhau trong thyc tien. Chang ban nhu: thyc hien, thi lainh, thyc thi, trien khai, ap dung, tuan thii, chap hanh v.v >o>ng khoa hpc phap ly qudc te va trong cac an pham dao tao chra bd sung them (hoac thdng nhat hda) cac hinh thirc thyc hien ngiitem ngat cac quy pham cua luat phap qudc te nhu trong ly luan ciumg ve phap luat (tuan thu, thyc hien, su dung, ap dung)'. Cdn ve phan cac van ban quy pham phap luat, d cac qiudc gia khac nhau, sii dyng cac thuat ngir khac nhau. Vi dy, ro)ng Luat Ky kit, gia nhap va thyc hien dilu udc quoc tl nam ZO'OS ciia Viet Nam gpi la "thuc hien dilu udc qudc tl" (Chuong VIII); Luat ve cac dieu udc qudc te Lien bang Nga nam 1995 gpi li "thi hanh cac dieu udc qudc te" (Chuong IV); Cdng udc Vienna nlSm 1969, tai Phin III cd ten gpi la "tuan thu, ap dyng va ".NIhu ' OcMHHHH B.H. npHHHXHe H pcaaicamw rocyaapcxBaMH Me)KayHap(aHU.ix aoroBopHWX odaaaxeatcxB. M., 2006. 140
3. vay. Cong udc Vienna nam 1969 lai tach rieng thanh cac dieu khoan ve tuan thii cac dieu udc (Chuong 1, Phan 111), gom cac dieu: "pacta sunt servanda" (Dieu 26); va "luat qudc gia va tuan thii cac dieu udc" (Dieu 27). Hoac ap dyng cac dieu udc (Chirimg 11, Phan 111) gom cac dieu tir 28-30. Tuan thu cac dieu udc qudc te trong dd bao gdm ca nguyen tac pacta sunt servanda (dieu udc can phai dugc tuan thii) va phap luat trong nude. Dieu nay cd nghia la mdi dieu udc qudc te hien hanh (cd hieu lyc) da n"mg huge quyen va nghia vy cac thanh vien ciia dieu udc vdi dieu udc do va hp phai ty nguyen thyc hien dieu udc dd (Dieu 26). Cac thanh vien (ben tham gia) dieu udc qudc te khdng the vien dan vao cac dieu khoan cua phap luat qudc gia minh de bien minh cho viec khdng tuan thu dieu udc qudc te (Dieu 27). Ap dyng cac dieu udc qudc te trong Cdng udc Vienna nam 1969 dugc quy djnh tai cac dieu: "cac dieu udc khdng cd hieu lyc hoi to" (Dieu 28); "hieu lyc cac dieu udc theo pham vi lanh thd" (Dieu 29); va "ap dyng ke tiep dieu udc lien quan den ciing mgt van de" (Dieu 30). Hoac, ndi mgt each khac, viec ap dyng dieu udc qudc te - dd la sy thyc hien cac quyen va trach nhiem mdi phat sinh trong cac dieu kien cu the cua qudc gia hoac la qudc te. Cac qudc gia khi thi hanh cac dilu udc quoc te can can cir vao hai nguyen tic: ty nguyen thi hanh cac cam ket theo luat qudc te va cac dieu udc phai dugc tuan thii. Dac diem cua cac nguyen tSc nay dugc the hipn d cho: cd su ddng y mgt each ty do, ty nguyen, trung thyc, cdng bing, thien chi, tdn trgng cac cam ket. Ty nguyen thi hanh cac cam ket qudc te tir phia cac qudc gia co nghia la cac qudc gia can phai thi hanh cac cam kit ma chinh minh da ky ket, tham gia hoSc gia nhap, tiic la cac cam ket dd phai: 141
4. - Phil hgp vdi Hien chuong Lien hgp qudc va cac cam ket theo Hien chuong Lien hgp qudc cd hieu lyc hon va dugc uu tien ap dyng; - Xuit phat tir cdc nguyen tic va cac quy pham dugc cdng nhan chung cua luat qudc te; - Xuat phat tir cac dieu udc qudc te phd cap, tiic la cac JiSu udc dd phai phu hgp vdi cac nguyen tac va cac quy pham duoc cdng nhan chung cua luat qudc te; - Phap luat trong nude ciia cac qudc gia can phai phii hgrp vdi cac cam ket phkp ly ciia minh theo luat quoc te'. Pacta sunt servanda (Dieu 26), cd nghia la moi dieu udc cd hieu lyc hien hanh deu rang budc vdi cac ben tham gia va cac ben phai ty nguyen thi hanh dieu udc dd. Day cd the la nguySn tic cd kinh nhat, nen mdng nhat cua luat dieu udc qudc tl ndi rieng va toan bd he thdng luat qudc te ndi chung. Nguyen tic nay xuat hien cimg vdi luat qudc te. Khdng cd nguyen tic nay thi khdng the cd luat qudc te va viec hgp tac qudc te ciing khdng tdn tai. Vipc hgp tac qudc te tren co sd ky cac dieu udc qudc te se Lu|t quoc tl d day y ndi din cac nguyen tic eo bin cua nd ma nOi dung dupe ghi nh§n trong cac van bin quoc tl: Tuyen b6 vl cac nguyen tic ca ban Iu§t quoc tl ngay 24/10/1970 dilu chinh quan h$ h&u nghj va hpp tdc gitta cac qu6c gia phii hpp vdi Hiin chuong Li€n hpp qu6c; va trong vftn ban Kit lu^ cua Hpi nghj vl an ninh va hpp tic chSu Au nam 1975 (trong Giap trinh Lu§t qu6c tl cua Khoa Lu§t tryc thu^c D?i hpc Quoc gia Ha NOi. NXB D?i hpc Qu6c gia Ha NOi. H., 1997 thi gpi la Djnh udc cu6i cung cCia Hpi nghj Henxinky nSm 1975 vl an ninh va hpp tac ciia cac nude chSu Au. tr. 42-43; trong Giao trinh Lu$t qudc tl ciia Tnrdng D^i hpc Lu|it Ha NOi. NXB Cdng an NhSn dSn. H., 2005 thi gpi la Djnh udc Henxinky ngAy 01/8/1975 vl an ninh va hpp tic cac nude chSu Au. tr. 40.). 142
5. khdng cd y nghia neu khdng cd sy tuan thu cac dieu udc da ky ket tir phia cac ben cua cac dieu udc dd. Cac qudc gia nghiem chirih tuan thii va thi hanh mpt each ty nguyen cac cam kit dieu udc quoc te la phuang tien quan trpng de phat trien cac quan he hda binh va than thien, cung nhu dam bao an ninh qudc te. Day la nguyen tac da dugc nhieu nha khoa hpc - luat qudc te tren the gidi quan tam, nghien ciru va ndi dung ciia nguyen tic nay cdng bd trong nhieu an pham khoa hpc'. Ndi dung ciia nguyen tac "pacta sunt servanda" la quy dinh cac quyen va nghia vy cd di cd lai giiia cac ben ciia dieu udc qudc te. Dieu dd cd nghia la: - Dieu udc qudc te can phai dugc thi hanh, khdng phu thugc vao cac sy kien ben trong va ben ngoai dieu udc, ngoai trir trong tnrdng hgp bat kha khang (vi dy, cd sy thay ddi can ban vl cac cam ket qudc te); - Cac quoc gia khdng the vien dan vao phap luat qudc gia minh de bien minh cho viec khdng thi hanh dieu udc qudc te; I E!Iias T.O. The Mordem Law of Treaties. Leiden, 1974. P. 43-44; TyHKHH r.H. TeopHH MesKaynapoaHoro npaBa. M., 1970. - C. 245-252; 3axapoBa H.B. BbinoaneHHe odHsaxeabcxB, suxeKaiouiHx H3 MOKaynapoaHoro aoroBopa. M., 1987; TnynoB O.H. OpHHUHn codaioaeHHjj Mie)KayHapoaHbix odssaxeabcxB. M., 1979; AaeKCHaae JI.A. HcKoxopue BC)npocbi xeopHH Me^aynapoaHoro npaBa. HMnepaxHBHue nopMU jus cogens. TdnaHCH, 1982. - C. 323; LUecxaKOB Jl.H. HMnepaxMBHue HopMU B cHcxeMe coBpeMCHHoro MOKayHapoanoro npaBa. M., 1981; riiepexepcKHft M.C. ToaKOBanHe MeMcaynapoaHbix aoroBopoB. M., 1959. - C. 152-155. Hojc cac van ban: United Nations Conference on the Law of Tr-eaties. First Session. P. 150-158, 427; Conference des Nations Unies sur le droit des traites. Deuxi^me sesion. P. 47-52; flomiaabi KOMHCCHH MOKayHapoflHoro npaBa. 1966.-C. 151-152. 143
6. - cac qudc gia khdng cd quyen ky cac dieu udc qudc tl trai vdi ckc cam ket trong cac dieu udc qudc te hi?n hanh ma chinh hp da ky ket; - Cam viec don phuong cham dirt dieu udc qudc te ciing nhu viec thanh kiem tra dieu udc qudc te, neu dieu dd khdng dugc quy dinh trong dieu udc qudc te; - Viec cit dirt quan he ngoai giao hoac quan he lanh sy giOra cac ben tham gia dieu udc qudc te khdng anh hudng den quan h? phap ly da dugc thiet lap trong dieu udc qudc te giura hg, ngo^ trir trudng hgp khi ma su tdn tai cua quan he ngoai giao ho^c lanh sy la khdng the thieu cho viec thi hanh dieu udc quoc tl. (Dieu 63 ciia Cdng udc Vienna nam 1969). Dac diem phap ly cua quy pham pacta sunt servanda duyrc the hipn d cho: 1) Cac qudc gia the hien sy ddng y ring cac quy pham quoc tl va ckc dilu khoan ciia dieu udc cd tinh chat bit budc doi vdi hg; 2) cac qudc gia the hien sy ddng y ring cac nguyen tic cd tinh chit dac trung nhu: dieu udc cin dugc ty nguyen thyc hipn, dieu udc dugc cdng nhan vdi tinh chat bit huge va nhu v§y, cdc quy pham phap luat qudc te dugc xay dyng bing phuang phkp thda hipp giiia cac qudc gia - chu the cua Iu|it qudc te la bit bu^c phai thyc hipn'. Ngoii ra, khi thyc bipn cac dieu udc qudc tl, cac b€n ciia dieu udc can chii y den hai nguyen tic sau day: THyHOB O.H. HpHUHn codaioaeHHJi aoroBopoB B MewflynapoaHOM npase. nepMb, 1976.-C. 17. 144
7. h'guyen tac thir nhat, cac dieu udc qudc te khdng cd hieu lyc hdi tc (nguyen tic khdng hdi td)'. Nguyen tic nay khdng dugc quy dnh trong dieu udc qudc te, nhung ddi khi cac qudc gia cd quy (inh rieng: "dieu udc nay khdng cd hieu lyc hdi td". Neu dieu idc qudc te dugc cac qudc gia kp dyng hieu lyc hdi td, thi chi nlim thi hanh dieu udc qudc te hoac nhirng sy kien nao dd xay n trudc khi dieu udc qudc te cd hieu lyc. Tuy nhien, trong thyc ten quan hp dieu udc qudc te, hieu lyc hdi td rat hiem khi xay re. hguyen tac thii hai, viec ap dyng ke tiep nhau cac dieu udc qudc :e da dugc ky ket lien quan den cimg mgt van de (hoac ddi tugng). Ddi khi cac qudc gia ky ket cac dieu udc qudc te nhu vay va rit cd thi ca hai dieu udc quoc te cimg cd hieu lyc (dieu udc da ky trudc dd va dieu udc qudc te mdi ky sau dd). Day la bipn tugng "song ton" hai dieu udc qudc te cimg cd hieu luc. Nhung de thix; hien cac dieu udc qudc te dd can phai dy tinh trudc cac dieu kipn sau day: - Mgt Id, trong dilu udc qudc tl ky ket sau (dieu udc mdi) cin plai quy dinh cy the: cd ap dung ho^c khdng dugc ap dyng dilu udc qudc te da ky ket trudc do; - Hai Id, trong dieu udc qudc te mdi can phai chi ra rang: dieu udc quoc te mdi nay dugc uu tien ap dyng hon so vdi dieu udc qidc te d§ ky trudc dd; bill 28 Cdng udc Vienna nam 1969 "Cac dilu udc qu6c te khdng cd hifu Hrc i6i to" quy djnh rang: "Trir khi cd y djnh khac dupe ndi rd trong dilu udcho^c dupe thi hi?n bang mOt each khac, cac dilu khoan cua dilu udc se kidng rang buOc doi vdi cac b€n dilu udc vl mpi hanh vi ho^c sv ki|n xay a trudc ngay dilu udc dd cd hi§u l^c". 145
8. - Ba Id, dieu udc qudc tl da ky ket trudc dd dugc ap dung trong dieu kien ma cac dieu khoan cua nd cdn phii hgp vdi c4c dieu khoan ciia dieu udc qudc te ky ket sau; - Bdn Id, nlu cac ben tham gia dieu udc ky kit sau khdng la cac thanh vien cua dieu udc da ky ket trudc dd, thi hg cd the ap dyng cac dieu khoan quy dinh trong dieu udc qudc te da ky ket trudc dd, nhung can chii y ring cac dieu khoan cua dieu udc da ky ket trudc dd phai phii hgp (hoac khdng trai) vdi cac dieu khoan quy dinh trong dieu udc qudc te ky ket sau (Dieu 30 Cdng udc Vierma nam 1969). De tiem can vdi nguyen tic thu hai ndi tren, chiing ta can bilt ngi dung chinh cua nguyen tic nay la gi? Dd la: a) Uu tien hieu lyc cho ckc cam ket qudc te trong Hien chuong Lien hgp qudc (Dieu 103 Hien chuong Lien hgp qudc); b) Luat chuyen nganh thay luat chung (lex specialis derogat generalli); c) Luat sau thay the luat trudc dd (lex posterior derogat prior). Chiing ta sS cimg tim hieu thyc tien cua luan cii ndi tren thdng qua cac dieu udc qudc te ma ngi dung ciia chiing lien quan den cimg mpt ddi tugng dieu chinh. Dd la cac Cdng udc Geneve ve luat bien nam 1958 va Cdng udc Lien hgp qudc ve luat bien nam 1982. Cac Cdng udc nay cimg dieu chmh ve luat bien. Theo dd, cac Cdng udc Geneve ve luat bien nam 1958, gdm cd 4 Cdng udc: 1) Cdng udc ve lanh hai va vimg tiep giap; 2) Cdng udc ve them lyc dia; 3) Gong udc ve bien qudc tl; 146
9. 4) Cdng udc ve danh bat ca va bao ve ngudn tai nguyen sinh vat d bien ca. ('ong udc Lien hgp qudc ve luat bien nam 1982 ban hanh sau (thong qua 10/12/1982) va la Cdng udc cd tinh tdng hgp, bao ham nipi van de ve luat bien. Trong Cdng udc ve luat bien nam 1982 cd nhieu dieu khoan da dugc quy djnh trong cac Cdng udc Geneve nam 1958, nhung trong thyc tien Cdng udc Lien hgp qudc nam 1982 dugc uu tien hieu lyc (uu tien ap dyng) hon so vdi Ccic Cdng udc Geneve nam 1958. Neu nhu cac qudc gia khdng gia nhap Cdng udc Lien hgp qudc ve luat bien nam 1982, thi cac Cdng udc Geneve nam 1958 tiep tyc cd hieu luc ddi vdi cac qudc gia tham gia cac Cdng udc dd. Vay, thi hanh dieu udc qudc te - la boat ddng cua cac qudc gia tren cap do qudc te va qudc gia nhim hudng tdi xay dung mgt he thdng cac phuang tien phap ly va td chiic, hoac ndi mgt each khac la xay dyng co che de thuc hien cac myc dich ciia dieu udc qudc te. Viec tuan thii cac quy pham phap luat qudc te se phan anh true tiep den quan he giiia cac qudc gia va trat ty phap ly qu6c te. Cac quy pham dd cd the bao gdm: quy pham cdng udc, quy pham tap quan, quy pham chung, quy pham rieng, quy pham phd thdng, quy pham cd tinh khu vyc va lien khu vyc. Thi hanh dieu udc a cap do quoc te Q cap dg qudc te, cac phuong tien thi hanh dieu udc gdm: kiem tra; sy dam bao; cac co quan qudc te chuyen nganh; thyc hi^n cac cudc tiep xiic thudng xuyen giiia cac ben ciia dieu udc qudc te; danh gia tham djnh va hdi nghj tham dinh; cu the hda cac dieu udc qudc te cd tinh phd cap bang each ky ket cac dieu 147
10. udc qudc te chuyen nganh hoac cac dieu udc qudc te cd tirh llifen ng^nh; ckc ben thdng qua dieu udc, trong dd cam ket khdig ky vdi ckc quoc gia thir ba cdc dieu udc qudc tl ma cd npi diung xung dpt vdi dieu udc pho cap nay; thii tyc tu phap va tlii tyc trpng tdi. Neu mpt ben vi pham dieu udc quoc tl thi dp dung cd; bipn phdp ve trdeh nhipm phdp ly quoc tl. Trong Ijch su luat phdp qudc tl da dp dung nbiea cdc phuang tien nhu vay. Ching ban nhu: mpt Idi hiia; Idi tuyei fth?; \ r r y r f •% j cam cd; chiem cii cdc vimg lanh thd; the chap mpt phan Idm ttho; ddm bdo tdi chinh; thi chap nhiing vat quy cd gid tri i^it dr^x vd ngudi bdo ddm'. Trong luat phdp quoc te da hinh thanh mpt he thdng kiiem sodt. Hinh thirc vd phuong phdp cua nd dugc quy djnh troig cdc cdng udc vd trong cdc nganh luat^. Gido su P.M. Valeev nihan manh ve tam quan trpng ciia cdng tdc kiem tra, gidm sdt qid(C tl trong viec dam bdo trat tu phap ly vd nen tdng phdp che qidtc ll nhu la mpt che dinh mdi ciia luat quoc te^. Theo nguyen tfc, cdc Vi dy, theo tai li^u vl di khao van hda-phap ly cd xua thi trong D^u udc nam 1296 TCN dupe ky giaa Hoang dl Ai C|ip Ramzes II Na Vua Hatusalem (cua dSn tOc phin trung va ddng tilu chSu A va Bac X^ri vio thi ky XVIII din diu thi ky XII TCN) quy djnh cac bifn khi v plh?im Dilu udc: "S6 mit nha, dit dai va cac nd 1$ dii vdi ai vi pham cim> kit (ho^c idi hira) nay". Sy trimg ph^t dang sp nhit dd ia Idi nguy!n cua Chiia, ciia s6 ph^ va siic m?nh huyin bi cua thifin nhifin. Baaees P.M. KoHxpoab B cospeMeHHOM McxcayHapoaHOM npase. lasiaHb, 2003. BaneeB P.M. KoHxpoab B COBPCMCHHOM MOKaynapoanoM npase. laasaHb, 1998.-C. 7. 148
11. dieu udc quoc te da phucmg quy djnh cac phuang tien thi hanh va kiem tra viec thi hanh chimg. Vi dy, cac qudc gia da ky Cdng udc Lien hgp qudc ve chdng tdi pham cd td chirc xuyen quoc gia (Palermo, ngay 15/11/2000). Tai phien hgp ciia Hdi nghj ve Cdng udc nay (tir ngay 28/6/2004 din ngay 08/7/2004) da thdng qua Chuong trinh nhu sau: a) Dua (chuyen hda) vao phap luat qudc gia cac quy dinh cho phii hgp vdi Cdng udc va cac Nghj dinh thu ciia Cdng udc; b) Xay dung luat trong linh vyc hinh sy (criminalization) va tinh trudc nhung khd khan phat sinh khi ap dyng cdc quy dinh ciia Cong udc nay; c) Hgp tac qudc te va giiip dd ho trg ky thuat de khic phye cac klid khan phat sinh trong viec dp dyng Cdng udc va cac nghj djnh thu ciia Cdng udc nay'. Thi hanh dieu udc quoc te & cap dp trong nude (quoc gia) 0 cap do qudc gia cung da thanh lap cac co che phap ly va td chiic de dam bao viec thi hanh cac dieu udc qudc te. Thyc hien cac quy pham luat qudc te dudi dang cac dilu udc qudc te d cap dp trong nude dugc ggi la sy thi hanh. Cac qudc gia se dp dung cac bien phap theo luat quoc gia va dam bao sy phdi hgp ho^t ddng giira cac co quan khdc nhau de thi hanh cdc dieu udc qudc te. Giao su Mingarov L.X. nhan dinh ring mpt phan ddiig ke cac quy pham phdp luat qudc te ciing dugc thyc hipn trong ITnh vyc phap luat quoc npi. Rd rang, tinh hieu qua ciia cdc quy KocxcHKO H.H. Poab OpraHHsauHH OdieaHneHHUX Hauntt H j(t)4)eKXHBHbie Mepw no dopbde c xpancHauHOHaabHofi opraHH30BaHHott npecxynHocxbio// FocyaapcxBO H npaBO. 2006. }{°1. - C. 76-82. 149
12. pham luat qudc tl phan nhieu phu thupc viec chimg nao quoc gia vdi tu edeh la chii the quan he phap luat qudc te dam bao vi?c thyc hien cdc quy pham dd cd hieu qua trong cap dp qudc gia'. Trong vipc thi hdnh dieu udc qudc te d cap dp quoc gia chiing ta cin luu y miy dilm sau day: 1) Xuat hien trdeh nhipm chung cua cdc quoc gia la phai chuyin hda vao phdp luat cua qudc gia minh cac quy djnh cho phii hgp vdi cdc cam ket theo dieu udc qudc te; 2) Cdc qudc gia can ban hdnh cdc vdn ban quy pham phdp luat dieu chinh trinh ty cd hieu lyc cua cdc dieu udc quoc tfi, ciing nhu viec phe chuan vd phe duyet cdc dieu udc qudc te dd; 3) Cdc qudc gia can dieu chinh de cd sy phdi hgp va ho trg nhau giiia cac quy pham dieu udc qudc te vdi cac quy pham cua luat qudc gia, tir dd xac dinh cdc bien phdp, phuang tien nhdm ddm bdo thuc thi cac cam ket dieu udc qudc te. Dieu do cd the thyc hien bing each cdc qudc gia ban hanh cac vdn ban quy pham phdp luat, bode bing phuong phap chuyen hda phap luat (chuyen hda vao van bdn quy pham phdp luat qudc gia). Cdng viec tiep theo Id cdc qudc gia cd the thyc hien nhirng sira doi, b6 sung vao cdc vdn bdn phdp luat hien hdnh nhim myc dich thi hdnh dieu udc qudc te. Neu xuat hien cdc xung dot, sy khdng phu hgp, mau thuan giiia cdc vdn bdn quy pham phdp luat qudc gia vd dilu udc qudc tl, thi cdc qudc gia cin quy djnh m^ nguyen tic chung Id uu tien dp dyng cac quy pham cua dieu irdc quoc te. Chang ban nhu: Neu dieu udc qudc te cd nhirng quy ' MHHraaoB Jl.X. 3(})(tieKXHBHocrb nopM MewaynapoaHoro npasa. KaaaHb H3a-B0 Kaaan. yH-xa, 1990. - C. 187. 150
13. dinh khac so vdi phap luat qudc gia hien hanh, thi uu tien dp dung theo cdc quy djnh ciia dieu udc qudc te. Trong phap luat qudc gia, cac quoc gia thudng ap dung cac phuong phap nhu chu dan, chii thich ddi vdi cac dieu udc qudc te, ho(ic la tiep nhan (vay mugn) tir hoac thuat ngir cua dieu udc qudc te vao phdp luat trong nude, hoac la bo sung, tire la chuyen cdc quy pham dieu udc qudc te vao he thdng phap luat qudc gia. Dieu nay da dugc nhan manh trong cdc an pham khoa hoc va de thyc hien cac phuong phap nhu vay ddi hdi cd sy dp dung chung cac quy pham cua luat qudc gia va cac quy pham cua dieu udc qudc te. Thi hanh dieu udc qudc te d cap do qudc gia cd the dp dyng tnrc tiep bode bang phuang phap chuyen boa phap luat, tiic la chuyen boa cac quy pham dieu udc vao phap luat qudc gia da dugc nhieu nha khoa hgc Viet Nam nghien ciiu. Ching ban nhu mpt so van de ve ly luan va thuc tien ve chuyen hod dieu udc quoc te vao phap luat qudc gia'; trong bai viet ve tac ddng ciia toan cau hod ddi vdi sy phat trien va doi mdi ciia phap luat Viet Nam da nhan manh sy khac biet ve trinh dp van boa va dac diem ciia cac tniycn thdng phdp ly ; bai viet ve nguyen tac td chiic, ndi dung cac hi^p dinh^; khu vyc mau dich ty do ASEAN - Thach thiic ddi vdi ' Ngo Diic Manh. Mpt s6 vSn dl ly luan va thyc tiln ve chuyen hoa dilu udc qudc tl vao phap luSt qudc gia. Gidi thieu Luat Ky kit, gia nhap va thyc hi^n dilu udc qudc tl. NXB Lao Dpng. H., 2005. tr.130-142, ^ Dao Tri IJe. Tac dpng ciia toan ciu hoa ddi vdi sy phat triln va doi mdi ciia phap luat Vi?t Nam. Tgp chi Nha nude va Phap luat. So 10/2001. tr.3-9. ' Hoang Phudc Hi#p. T6 chiic thuong mai thi gidi va mpt sd v4n de phap ly d$t ra doi vdi Vi^t Nam khi gia nhap td ehiic nay. Tap chi Nghien ciiu Lap phap, 2000. Sd 3. 151
14. doanh nghiep nhd vd vira Viet Nam'; hoan thien phap luatv^ sd hiru tri tue trong dilu kien Viet Nam hdi nhap quoc te^ xii 1> d«ing din mdi quan he giura phap luat qudc te vd phap luat qudc gii^ ; ve vin dl quan he giiira phdp luat qudc te va phdp luat qudc giatroag phdp luat va thyc tien Viet Nam''; thyc thi Cdng udc Vierna vl luat biln va cdc dieu udc qudc te lien quan den bien, phdng :h«dng d nhiem bien do dau md Viet Nam dd tham gia . Nghien oiui ve mdi quan he giiia luat qudc te vd luat qudc gia, cd y kien cho rdng luat qudc tl khdng cd hieu lyc tryc tiep tren Idnh thd cdc quic gia dpc lap cd chii quyln^. Nhu vay, viec Viet Nam tham gia vi tlhyc thi cdc dilu udc qudc te phd cap dd khing djnh tinh chu dpig h^i nhap vdo he thdng phdp luat qudc te nhim bdo ve chu quyer qiudc gia ciing nhu thyc hien cdc quyen va nghia vy quoc te. "^i dy, Cdng udc Vierma vl luat biln ndm 1982 cd y nghia dac hie qiuan Nguyen Manh Cudng. Khu vyc m^u djch ty do ASEAN - Thach tliic d6i vdi doanh nghi?p nhd va vua Vi?t Nam. NXB Dgi hpc Qudc gia la iNOi. H., 2000. Nguyen Ba Diln. Hoan thi^n phap lugt vl sd hChi tri tu^ trong dim Iki^n Vi?t Nam h^i nhap qudc tl. Tap chi Nha nude va Phap luat. Sd '/2(00l, tr.28-35. Doan Nang. Xii ly diing din mdi quan hf gifta phap luat qu6c tl vl p)hap luat qudc gia. Tap chi Nghien ciiu Lap phap. So 5/2002, tr.40-49. Doan Nang. Van dl quan h$ giffa phap lu|t qudc tl va phap Iu$t qidc- gia trong phap lu§t va thyc tiln Vi?t Nam. Tap chi Nha nude va Phap li§t S6 2/1998. Nguyen Hdng Thao. Vi?t Nam va cac Cdng udc qu6c tl vl phdng ci6mg d nhiem bien do dau. Tap chi Nha nude va Phap lu|lt. 2009, 6(254) tr,.67- 74.; L6 van Binh. D?ii duomg va Lu$t quic tl hi?n dgi. Tgp chf Kba hpc Lu$t hpc. DHQGHN. T$p 25, So 1, 2009. tr. 33-40. Trin Van Thing. M6i quan h$ gi&a phdp lu|t quoc tl va phap lu^ qjulc gia trong phap lu§t va thyc tien cac nude. Tgp chf Nha nude va Ph^ llu|it. si 4/2002. tr.68. 152
15. trpng doi vdi cdc qudc gia thanh vien, vi Cdng udc nay cd lien quan den nhieu van de nhu: an ninh qudc gia, quoc phdng, ngoai giao, thuang mai bien, nghien cim khoa hpc bien, them lyc dja, cong nghe va van de ve bao ve mdi trudng v.v Quoc gia cd the ban hanh cdc van bdn hanh chinh de thdng qua cac bien phap can thiet nhim thi hdnh dieu udc qudc te. Cd the thong qua cdc quy pham trimg phat hinh sy do co sy vi pham cac quy dinh cua dieu udc qudc te. Vi dy, d Lien bang Nga, ndm 1996 da thdng qua Luat sira ddi, bd sung cho Luat "Ve cdc dieu udc qudc te Lien bang Nga" ndm 1995. Luat nay da quy djnh viec gidm sdt thi hanh Luat "Ve cdc dieu udc qudc te Lien bang Nga" do Vien trudng Vien Cdng td Lien bang Nga thyc hien va cdc iiy vien cdng to dugc uy quyln. Qudc gia nhan trach nhiem cung cap thdng tin cho cdc ben ciia dieu udc quoc te, cho cdc co quan qudc te ve cac bien phdp lap phdp vd hanh chinh trong vipc thyc hien cdc cam ket dieu udc qudc te. Viet Nam da xay dyng he thdng phdp luat (nhu: hien phap; luat ky ket, gia nhap vd thyc hien dieu udc qudc te nam 2005; cdc dieu khodn trong cac nghi dinh quy dinh chiic ndng, nhiem vy vd quyen ban ciia cdc bd, nganh vd cdc vdn ban khdc cd lien quan), trong dd da quy che hoa chirc ndng, nhiem vu va quyln ban ciia cd nlian, co quan vd to chiic nhim thyc hien dieu udc quoc te. Vi dy nhu cdc dieu khodn trong Luat Ky ket, gia nhap vd thyc hien dieu udc qudc te ndm 2005 ciia Viet Nam da quy dinh nhu sau: 1. Cdc CO quan, td chiic, ca nhan cd trdeh nhiem tuan thu dieu udc qudc te md Cdng hda xa hdi chii nghia Vipt Nam la thanh vien (Dilu 97). 153
16. 2. Bd Ngoai giao "thdng ke, rd sodt dieu udc qudc tl ma Cdng hda xd hdi chu nghia Viet Nam ky ket hoac gia nhap" (Khodn 11 Dilu 98). 3. Co quan de xuat "Xay dyng Id trinh vd bipn phdp cy the de thyc hien dieu udc qudc te cd hieu luc ddi vdi nude Cdng hda xa hdi chu nghia Viet Nam do minh de xuat ky ket bode gia nhap" (Khodn 3 Dieu 99). 4. Qudc hdi, Uy ban Thudng vy Qudc hdi, Hpi ddng dan tpc, Uy ban cua Qudc hdi, Doan dai bieu Qudc hdi vd dai bieu Qudc hdi co trdeh nhiem gidm sat boat ddng ky ket, gia nhap vd thyc hien dieu udc qudc te cua co quan, td chirc, cd nhan chju sy gidm sdt (Khodn 1 Dieu 100). 5. Hoat ddng gidm sdt dugc thyc hien cong khai, khach quan, diing tham quyen, trinh ty, thu tuc do phap luat quy djnh vd khdng lam cdn trd boat ddng binh thudng cua co quan. td chiic, ca nhan chiu sy giam sat (Khodn 2 Dieu 100). Phdp luat Lien bang Nga (gdm: Hien phdp Lien bang Nga, Luat "Ve ky ket dieu udc qudc te Lien bang Nga" vd cdc vdn ban khac) ciing thiet lap mgt he thdng cdc phuang tien vd cac bien phdp nhdm myc dich thi hanh cdc cam ket dieu udc qudc te, cy the nhu: 1. Tdng thdng vd Chinh phu Lien bang Nga dp dyng cdc bien phdp nhim ddm bdo vipc thi hdnh cdc dieu udc qudc te Lien bang Nga. t ' * 2. Ckc CO quan hdnh phap Lien bang bdo ddm thi hanh cdc cam ket ciia cdc dieu udc qudc te ma Lien bang Nga la mpt ben vd thyc hien cdc quyen ciia Nga dd dugc quy djnh trong cdc dieu 154
17. udc quoc te, cung nhu giam sat viec thi hanh cac cam ket dieu udc ddi vdi cac thanh vien khac cua dieu udc quoc tc dd. 3. Bd Ngoai giao Lien bang Nga thyc hien gidm sat chung viec thi hdnh cac dieu udc qudc te ciia Lien bang Nga, ddng thdi cd irach nhiem de trinh len Chinh phii Lien bang Nga de xuat viec dp dyng cdc bien phap can thiet, neu ben khac ciia dieu udc qudc te khdng thi hanh bode vi pham dieu udc qudc te. Cac de xuat cd the la tuyen bd, phan ddi va cudi ciing la huy bd dieu udc qudc te. Khi nghien cuu van de "Thi hdnh cac dieu udc qudc te" chiing ta can phan biet hai loai dieu udc qudc te. Dd la dieu udc cd kha ndng thi hdnh tryc tiep (dp dyng tryc tiep dieu udc qudc te) vd dieu udc khdng cd kha ndng thi hanh tryc tiep (dieu udc khdng dp dyng tryc tiep)'. Cdc dieu udc qudc te khdng cd khd ndng thi hanh tryc tiep, cd nghia Id se dugc dp dung nhd thdng qua phap luat qudc gia. Nhu da de cap d tren, dd la can cd sy chuyen hda phap luat, chii dan, hoac la nhd cac phuong phap khdc. De thi hanh cdc loai dieu udc qudc te nay, cac qudc gia sir dyng vdn ban quy pham phdp luat phii hgp da dugc thira nhan de thyc hien cdc ngi dung ciia cac dieu udc qudc te dd. Cdc dieu udc quoc tl cd khd ndng thi hanh tryc tiep Id cdc dieu udc qudc te da dugc hoan thien ve ndi dung, dugc quy dinh cu the ve cdc quy tic (bode cdc nguyen tic) ap dyng ma khdng MapoHKHH C.K). fleficxBHe HopM MCHcaynapoaHoro npaaa B npaBOBofl CHCT«Me PoccHficKofi OeaepauHH. Haa-BO TioMCHCKoro roc. yu-xa. 1998. - C.156-164; OCMHHHH E.H. VKaa.coH. -C. 362-377. 155
18. can phai cy the hda cdc dieu udc qudc te dd ddi vdi cdc quai hp qudc gia. Cdc dieu udc qudc te ndy se ty ddng cd hieu lyc trSn lanh thd qudc gia, nhung vdi dilu kipn qudc gia cdng nhda sy rang huge cua minh vdi dieu udc qudc te va cam kit thi hdnh c^c dilu udc dd. Thuat ngii "cdc dieu udc quoc te cd khd ndng thi hdnh tryc tiep" Id thuat ngii khoa hpc, cd tinh hpc thuyet. Trong cdc vdn bdn quy pham phdp luat khdng cd thu$t ngilr nay, ma nd dugc thay the bing thuat ngir "tryc tiep". Vi dy, Phan 3, Di^u 5 Luat "Ve cdc dieu udc qudc te Lien bang Nga" quy djnh: "C^c dieu khodn cua dieu udc qudc tl Lien bang Nga dugc chinh thixc cdng bd, khdng ddi hdi vipc ban hdnh cdc vdn bdn phdp luat quoc ngi de thyc hien, chiing cd bipu lyc true tiep trfin lanh tho Lien bang Nga"; hodc la tai Dieu 7 myc 2 cua Bg luat Dan sy Lien bang Nga vd trong Luat Lien bang Nga "Ve bdo vp mdi trudng" ngay 12 thdng 01 ndm 2002, tai Dieu 81 dilm I dd quy djnh: "Cdc dieu udc qudc te cua Lien bang Nga trong Ilnh vyc bdo vp moi trudng, de thyc hien chiing khdng bit bupc phdi ban hdnh cdc vdn bdn phdp luat qudc gia, chiing dugc dp dyng true tiep d6i vdi cdc quan h? phdt sinh khi thyc hipn cdc boat dgng trong linh vyc bdo ve mdi trudng". Thdng thudng, cdc quy pham luat quoc tl vd cdc dieu udc quoc te dp dyng tryc tilp Id cdc nguyen tdc vd cdc quy ph^m dugc cdng nhdn chung cua luat quoc tl; cdc nguyen tdc vd cdc quy pham dugc quy dinh trong cdc dilu udc quoc tl ve quyln con ngudi; cdc Cdng udc Geneve ndm 1949 vl bdo vp cdc n?ui nhan chien tranh vd trong mpt so cdc cdng udc khdc. Trong cdc quan hp qudc gia, vipc dp dyng phdp lu|it Id ho?it dpng cua cdc co quan cd thim quyen. Theo PGS.TS. Pb^m Hihi 156
19. Nghi, ap dung phap luat la mpt hinh thirc thuc hien phap luat, trotig dd nha nude thdng qua cac co quan cd tham quyen hoac nha chirc trach td chirc cho cac chu the phap luat thyc hien nhiing quy djnh ciia phap luat, bode ty minh cdn cii vao cdc quy djnh ciia phap luat ra cac quyet dinh dp dyng phat luat vao trong nhung trudng hgp cy the cua ddi sdng xa hdi'. Neu theo Idgic dd, cac dieu udc qudc te ma Viet Nam ky ket vd tham gia, tuy chua dugc cdng nhan trong hien phap la mgt bd phan cua he thdng phdp luat qudc gia (bode uu tien dp dung, hoac co hieu lyc tdi cao) nhu mpt sd qudc gia da quy djnh trong hien phap ciia hp nhung viec ky ket, tham gia bode gia nhap cdc dieu udc qudc te ciia Viet Nam vdi sy ddng y rang budc vdi cdc cam ket dieu udc do se dugc thyc thi theo quy dinh cua dieu udc qudc te bode theo quy dinh trong cdc vdn ban phdp luat sau hien phdp. Dieu dd ciing cd nghia la viec thyc hien phdp luat d Viet Nam bao ham cd viec thyc hien dieu udc qudc te vd viec dp dyng cdc dieu udc qudc te ciia Viet Nam^. Nhieu qudc gia tren the gidi da cdng nhan cac quy pham phdp luat qudc te trong phap luat cua qudc gia minh. Chdng ban nhu: trong Hien phdp Hoa Ky ndm 1787, quy dinh: "Hien phdp nay, cdc d^o luat ciia Hoa Ky vd cdc dieu udc qudc te ma Hoa Ky da ky bode se ky nhan danh nude My deu cd hipu lyc phdp ly toi cao" (Khodn 2 Dieu 6); va "Tda dn lien bang cd quyen phdn quylt cdc vy vipc tren co sd cdc quy pham dieu udc qudc te" I Giao trinh ly lugn chung vl Nha nude va Phap luat. Chu bien PGS.TS. Hoang Thj Kim Qui. NXB Dai hpc Qudc gia Ha Npi. H., 2005. tr. 500-501. lA van Bfnh. Cac quy pham lu§t quoc tl trong he thong phap lugt quoc gia. Tgp chf Khoa hpc DHGQHN, Kinh te - Luat, T. XXI, So 2, 2005. tr. 30-32. 157
20. (Dieu 3). Theo Hien phdp Lien Xd ndm 1977: "Quan he cua LiSn Xd vdi cac qudc gia khdc dugc xay dung tren co sd nguyen tic cimg ty nguyen thyc hien cdc cam ket qudc te phii hgp vdi c6c nguyen tic vd cdc quy pham cua luat qudc te va dugc cy thi boa trong cdc dieu udc qudc te md Lien Xd dd ky ket" (Dieu 29). Trong Hien phdp Lien bang Nga 1993 quy dinh: "Cdc nguyen tic chung, cdc quy pham luat qudc te vd cdc dieu udc qudc tl md Nga Id mgt ben ky ket hodc tham gia Id mgt bd phan cua hp thdng phdp luat quoc gia. Neu dieu udc qudc te cd nhiing quy pham khdc so vdi luat hien hanh thi uu tien dp dyng theo quy pham dieu udc qudc te" (Phan IV Dieu 15). Theo Hien phap Ddng Dire ndm 1949: "Cdc nguyen tic chung ciia luat qudc te Id bit budc ddi vdi chinh quyen nhd nude va vdi moi cdng dan" (Dieu 5) hodc trudc dd trong Hien phdp ndm 1919 quy djnh: "Cdc nguyen tdc chung ciia- luat qudc te cd hieu lyc nhu la mgt bd phan cau thanh ciia phdp luat De che Dire" (Dieu 4). Hien phdp Lien bang Dire ndm 1949 ghi nhan: "Cdc quy pham chung cua luat qudc te Id mpt bd phan cau thdnh ciia phdp luat lien bang vd dugc uu tien dp dyng hon luat, phdt sinh tryc tiep cdc quyen vd trdeh nhiem ddi vdi ngudi dan lien bang" (Dieu 25). Ho|c theo Hien phdp Italy ndm 1947: "Cdc quy pham trong biln phdp hodn toan phii hgp vdi cac quy pham chung cua luat qudc tl" (Dilu 10). Trong Hiin phdp Hy Lap da ghi nhan: "Hy L?ip quan he huru nghi giira cdc dan tpc vd cdc qudc gia tren thi gidi phii hgp vdi cdc nguyen tdc chung cua luat qudc te" (Khoan 2 Dieu 2) hodc "Cdc quy pham chung cua luat qudc te Id mpt bp phan cau thanh ciia phap luat quoc gia vd cd hipu lyc phdp ly cao nhat so vdi tit cd cdc vdn bdn phdp luat khdc xung dpt vdi chiing" (Khoan 1 Dilu 28). Hiin phdp Phap ndm 1946 va nam 1958 da khing djnh sy uu tien cdc quy ph?im phdp lu§t quoc te so vdi cdc 158
21. quy pham phdp luat quoc gia: "Uu tien ap dyng cdc nguyen tic vd cac quy pham dugc cdng nhan chung ciia luat qudc tl" (Dilu 55). Hodc Id trong cdc biln phap dau tien ciia cdc qudc gia chau Phi (la thupc dia ciia Phdp) khi gidnh dugc dgc lap: Cdt-di-u-var; Burkina-faso; Ga-bdn; Gvi-nei; Md-ri-ta-ni; Mali; Ni-gie; Cdng- gd; Senegal; Sat v.v deu quy dinh cdc dilu khodn vl dilu udc qudc te, tire Id quy djnh vl yinh ty thim quyln ky kit, phe chuin dieu udc qudc tl. Cy the nhu "cdc dieu udc va cdc thda thuan cin dirge phe chuin theo trinh ty quy dinh vd ed uu tien hieu lye hon luat tir thdi diem cdng bd chiing, trong dieu kien tuan thu timg vdn bdn ciing nhu cdc ben khdc cua tvjng vdn bdn dd"'. Trong thdi gian gin day, tai Lien bang Nga boat ddng dp dung phdp luat dugc ddc biet chii trgng vdi cdc muc dich thi hanh cdc dilu udc qudc tl^. Trong Quylt* djnh cua Tda dn tdi cao Lien bang Nga "Ve viec cdc tda dn dp dyng cdc nguyen tic vd cdc quy pham da dugc cong nhan chung ciia luat qudc tl vd cdc dieu udc qudc tl Lien bang Nga" (10/10/2003), da chi ra mgt, quy trinh thdng nhit cho vipc dp dung luat phdp qudc tl. Hgi nghj toan thi nganh tda dn Lien bang Nga da thong nhit gidi thich rdng, vipc dp dyng cdc nguyen tie vd cdc quy pham da dugc cdng nhan chung cua luat qudc te vd cdc dilu udc quoc tl Lien bang Nga Id phii hgp vdi cdc dieu khodn ciia Cdng udc Vierma ndm 1969, nhim myc dich dp dyng chinh xdc vd thdng nhat luat phdp qudc te trong boat ddng xet xir cua cdc tda an. Hiin phap cua cac qu6c gia chSu Phi. T§p I. Matxcorva., 1963, tr. 37-38, 61, 95, 151, 174, 405, 427, 515; T^p 2. Matxeova., 1966, tr. 436; T$p 3. Matxcorva., 1966, tr. 240-241, 668. 3HMHeHK0 B.JI. O npHMeneHHH HopM MOKaynapoaHoro npasa cyaaMH oCmeft lopHcaHKUHH. M., 2006. 159
22. Viec dp dyng tryc tiep cdc cam ket qudc te d Viet Nam cd the dugc thyc hien thdng qua vdn bdn phe chuan gia nhap dieu udc qudc te. Trong Nghi quyet ngdy 29/11/2006 ciia Qudc hpi ve phe chuan Nghj dinh thu gia nhap hiep djnh thdnh lap WTO ciia nude Cgng hda xa hdi chu nghia Viet Nam, tai diem 2 quy dinh: "Ap dyng tryc tiep cdc cam kit cua Viet Nam dugc ghi tai Phy lyc dinh k^m Nghi quyet ndy vd cdc cam ket khdc cua Vipt Nam vdi WTO dugc quy djnh du rd, chi tiet trong Nghi djnh thu, cac Phu lyc dinh kem vd bdo cdo cua Ban cdng tac ve viec Viet Nam gia nhap Hiep dinh thdnh lap WTO. Trong trudng hgp quy djnh cua phdp luat Viet Nam khdng phii hgp vdi quy dinh ciia Hiep dinh thdnh lap WTO, Nghi dinh thu vd cdc tai lieu dich kem thi dp dyng quy dinh cua Hiep dinh thdnh lap WTO, Nghi djnh thu vd cdc tdi lipu dinh kem" (Nghi quylt sd 71/2006/QHl 1). Phy lyc dinh kem Nghi quyet ndi tren dd quy dinh npi dung dp dyng tryc tiep cdc cam ket cua Viet Nam, cu the gdm ten cdc vdn bdn: 1) Luat sd 60/2005/QHlI Luat Doanh nghiep, cac Dilu 51, 52, 103 vd Dilu 104. 2) Luat sd 65/2006/QHIl Luat Luat su, cdc Dilu 69 (Khoan 1), 70, 72 (Khodn 1) vd Dilu 76. 3) Luat sd 24/2000/QHIO Luat Kinh doanh Bdo hilm, Dilu 9 (Khodn 2). 4) Luat ban hdnh vdn bdn quy ph?un phdp luat ndm 1996 vd Luat so 02/2002/QHll sira ddi, bd sung mpt sd dilu cua Luat ban hdnh vdn bdn quy pham phdp luat. Khodn 2 Dieu 3 Luat ban hanh vdn bdn quy ph^im phdp lu$t ndm 1996 dugc siia doi, bd 160
23. sung bdi Luat sd 02/2002/QHll ngay 16/12/2002 sira ddi, bd sung mpt sd dieu cua Luat ban hdnh van ban quy pham phdp luat; Khodn 1 Dieu 10 Luat ban hanh vdn ban quy pham phdp luat ndm 1996 dugc sira ddi, bd sung bdi Luat sd 02/2002/QHl 1 ngay 16/12/2002 sira ddi, bd sung mgt sd dieu cua Luat ban hdnh vdn ban quy pham phap luat; Dieu 75 Luat ban hanh van bdn quy pham phdp luat ndm 1996 dugc sira ddi, bd sung bdi Luat sd 02/2002/QHll ngdy 16/12/2002 sira doi, bd sung mgt so dilu cua Luat ban hanh vdn bdn quy pham phdp luat. 5) Luat sd 50/2005/QHI1 Luat Sd hiru Tri tup, Dilu 26 vd Dilu 33. 6) Luat sd 62/2006/QHl 1 Luat Dien anh, Dilu 30'. Tu cdc phan tich tren, chiing ta cd the ket luan rdng, phdp luat Viet Nam da quy dinh mgt cdch nghiem ngat viec thyc hien dieu udc qudc te ma Viet Nam ky ket hodc gia nhap. Viec thyc hien dieu udc qudc te dugc giao cho cac co quan quyen lyc nhd nude. Co quan de xuat ky dieu udc phdi trinh Chinh phii ke hoach thyc hien dieu udc; neu rd tien trinh thyc hipn, cdc bien phdp td chiic, qudn ly, tai chinh vd nhirng van de khdc cd lien quan nham thuc hien tdt cdc cam ket qudc te dd ky ket. Cdc bg, ban, nganh vd cdc co quan cd lien quan tiiy theo chuc ndng nhiem vu cua minh de thyc hipn dieu udc. Trong trudng hgp vi phatn dieu udc, co quan de xuat ky phdi hgp vdi Bg Ngoai giao kien nghj Chinh phu de cd nhiing bipn phdp hiru hieu nhim bao vp Igri ich ciia Viet Nam. Nghj quylt s6 71/2006/QHl 1 ciia Quoc hpi nude COng hoa xa hOi chu nghTa Vi?t Nam ngay 29/11/2006. 161
24. Nhu vay, vipc thyc hien dieu udc qudc tl khdng chi co y nghia tryc tiep ddi vdi ngi dung cua dilu udc qudc te, m& cdn thiic day sy phdt trien luat phdp qudc tl va tdc dpng din viec hodn thien phdp luat qudc gia. 2. Giai thich dieu irdc quoc te Theo quy tic, gidi thich dieu udc qudc te dugc xem x^t trong qud trinh thi hdnh dieu udc. Gidi thich dieu udc quoc te' - Id mgt boat dgng nhdm 1dm rd ndi dung, hieu va giai nghl;i cdc quy pham cua dieu udc qudc te. Ket qud cua gidi thich dilu udc qudc te thudng ton tai dudi d^g mgt vdn ban, do cdc co quan nhd nude cd tham quyen ban hdnh. Gidi thich dieu udc quoc tl nhim dam bdo sy hieu biet cu the ngi dung dieu udc quoc te vd thyc hien diing ngi dung dieu udc dd. Dieu do la ddc bipt quan trgng ddi vdi cdc dilu udc qudc te da phuong. C) day dupe dp dyng nguyen tic gidi thich, nhan xet, binh luan vd thuyet minh (hermeneutics)^, tire la sy hieu diing, gidi thich diing vd dp dung diing dieu udc qudc te^. Dpc thSm. L€ van Bfnh. Tim hilu ehl dinh giai thfch dilu udc qudc te. Tgp chf Nha nude va Phap lugt. Vi?n Khoa hpc Xa hOi Vi?t Nam. 12(212) 2005. tr. 53-59. Theo binh lu^ trong bach khoa toan thu bing tilng Nga, hermeneutics dupe giai thich bang tilng Nga nhu sau: HoHMMaHHe HccaeaycMux xcKCxoB H "nayHHocxb" HX HcxoaKOBaHHa aocxHraexca 6aaroaapji npoH3BoaHMOMy rpaMMaxHHecKOMy anaaHsy, HsyHeHHio HCXOPHMCCKHX peaaHii, KOHKpexHO-ncHxoaorHMecKHM HSbicKanwiM H paccMorpcHHio ({>opMbi npoH3BeaeHH}i. FepMeneBXHKa B03HHiuia B apcBHOCxH KaK paa-bxcHCHHe npoponecKoro caoBa-npopHuaHHJi opaxyaa. B nosAHett aHXHHHocxH ocHOBHbiMH ccjiepaMH repMCHeBXHKH 6biaH (jjHaoaorHMeCKoe xoaKOBauHC icnaecHHecKHx no3XOB, xeoaorHMecKoe xdakoBaHHe CBfluieHHux xeKCxoB H lopHaHHecKoe xoaKOBaHHe 3aK0H0B. 162
25. Muc dich chinh ciia viec giai thich dieu udc quoc te la de khic phuc nhung khd khan trong viec thi hanh dieu udc qudc te. Cac khd khan d day cd the la cd sy khdng rd rang ve cdc dieu khodn, cac thuat ngii ciia dieu udc qudc te, thyc tien dp dung dilu udc qudc te khdng dung hodc la viec don phuong gidi thich dilu udc qudc te. Trong soan thdo van bdn dieu udc qudc te can noi ro y djnh chung cua cac ben. Hay ndi mgt each khdc, giai thich - la mgt phucmg phdp nhim myc dich khic phyc cdc khd khSn, cac xung dot, nhirng dieu khdng rd rang trong ndi dung ciia dilu udc, phdt sinh trong qua trinh dp dyng dieu udc qudc te. Thyc tien cd the chap nhan viec giai thich don phuang dieu udc qudc tl (ciia cdc co quan cd tham quyen cua Nhd nude), nhung viec giai thich don phuang dd khdng dugc vi pham ddi tugng vd cac myc dich ciia dieu udc qudc te. Vi dieu udc qudc te chinh Id su thda thuan ciia cac quoc gia cd chu quyen. Nhu chiing ta da phan tich d tren, dieu udc qudc te se dugc thuc hien de dang ban neu trong giai doan ky dieu udc qudc te cd quy dinh cy the rd rang ve ban gdc ciia vdn ban dieu udc qudc te vd ban gdc cua vdn bdn dieu udc dd dugc soan thao bdng bao nhieu ngdn ngii (hai hoac nhieu ngdn ngur). Trong ndi dung ciia dilu udc qudc te ciing can khing dinh rang, cac thuat ngir dugc repMCHeBXHKa B coapeMeHHOM 3HaMeHHH BOCxoaHX K padoxaM HeMeilKoro ({)Haoco(})a H (j)HJioaora-KJiaccMKa O. fl. LLIaeRepMaxepa (1768-1834 rr.). Theo tilng Nga thi FepMCHeBXHKa - la ngh$ thu^t giai thfch cac van ban (dieu udc), hpc thuyet ve cac nguyen tac giai thich cac van ban (repMeneBXHKa - HCKyccxBO xoaKoaaHMa XCKCXOB, yneHHe o npHHUHnax HX HHxepnpexauHH). 163
26. dimg cua dieu udc cd y nghia nhu nhau trong mdi vdn bin gdc cua dieu udc. Dieu dd ddc biet quan trgng nhim gidi qu/lt cdc tranh chap phdt sinh giiia cdc ben trong qud trinh thyc hitn dilu udc qudc te. Gan nhu trong cac dieu udc qudc te deu cd m)t dieu khodn rieng dieu chinh ve gidi quyet tranh chap. Vi dy qiy dinh nhu sau: bat ky tranh chap ndo giiira hai hay nhieu qudc gii 1^ cdc ben cua dieu udc lien quan den vipc gidi thich hodc dp dyng dilu udc ndy, md tranh chip dd khdng dugc gidi quyet bing ddn phdn hodc bing cdc thu tyc dugc quy dinh trong dilu udc th tranh chap dd dugc chuyen cho Tda an qudc te Lien hgp quk gidi quyet theo yeu cau bat ky cua mgt trong cac ben tranh chip, nlu cdc ben khdng cd thod thuan ve phuang phdp dieu chinl khdc. t » r r ^ Tda dn qudc te Lien hgp qudc se dua ra ket li4n hiep tbumig ve giai thich bat ky mgt dieu udc qudc te ndo. Gidi thich cic quy pham luat quoc te md Tda dn Qudc te Lien hgp qudc thyc hien ciing tiem can vdi viec sdng tao phdp luat neu xet ve ihuong dipn cac ket qud cua nd'. Nhieu khi, viec giai thich cdc dieu udc qudc te da tre tlhdnh chu de ciia cdc cudc tranh luan ngoai giao cdng thing. N^oai ra, nhiing vin de lien quan den gidi thich dieu udc qudc tl da chiem mpt vj tri quan trpng trong boat ddng cua cdc co quan nh< niudc. Dd Id cdc CO quan thi hdnh cdc dieu udc qudc te^. Nhu chiing ta dd bilt, quyen gidi thich cdc dilu udc qu(5c tl thupc ve cdc ben cua dieu udc qudc te, thupc ve cdc co qiaia tda ' JlyicyamyK H.H. CoBpeivieHHoe npaso MexcayHapoaHUx aoroaofoBi. T.I. SaKaioHeHHe MOKaynapoanbix aoroBopoB. M., 2004. - C. 609. ^ JlyKauiyK H.H., JlyKauiyK O.H. ToaKoaanHe HopM Me«ayHa)oaiHoro npasa. VHedHoe nocodne. M.,2002. -C.l6. 164
27. an (va trpng tai) qudc te va cac co quan qudc te chuyen nganh. Cimg kho khan hem khi van de ve quyen giai thich cac dieu udc qudc t(3 dugc thuc hien bdi cdc co quan trong nude. Trong Luat Ky ket, gia nhap va thyc hien dieu udc qudc te nam 2005 cua Viet Nam thi dieu udc qudc te dugc giai thich phii hgp vdi tinh than, myc dich, ndi dung ciia dieu udc vd nghia thdng thudng cua thuat ngiir dugc sir dung trong dieu udc qudc te do. Luat nay cung quy dinh tham quyen giai thich dieu udc qudc tl ciia Viet Nam thugc ve Uy ban Thudng vy Qudc hdi vd Chinh phii. Dieu dd cd nghia Id khdng phdi dieu udc qudc te dugc ky ket nhan danh ai hoac co quan ndo thi ngudi dd hodc co quan dd cd quyen gidi thich. Luat Ky ket, gia nhap va thuc hien dieu udc qudc te nam 2005 ciia Viet Nam ciing quy djnh Uy ban Thudng vu Oudc hdi quyet djnh viec giai thich dieu udc qudc te trong cdc tnrdng hgp: a) Dieu udc qudc te do Quoc hdi quyet djnh phe chuan hodc gia nhap; b) Dieu udc qudc te co quy dinh trai hoac chua dugc quy dinh trong cac van ban quy pham phap luat cua Qudc hgi; dieu udc qudc te ma de thyc hien can sira ddi, bd sung, bdi bd hodc ban hanh van ban quy pham phdp luat cua Qudc hdi; c) Dieu udc qudc te cd quy dinh trai hodc chua dugc quy djnh trong cdc vdn bdn quy pham phdp luat ciia Uy ban thudng vy Qudc hdi; dilu udc quoc te ma de thyc hien can sira ddi, bd sung, bai bd hodc ban hanh van ban quy pham phdp luat ciia Uy ban thudng vy Qudc hdi; d) Cdc trudng hgp cin thilt khdc (Khodn 1 Dieu 76). 165
28. Chinh phu quylt djnh vipc gidi thich dieu udc quoc te dugrc ky kit nhan danh Nhd nude vd nhan danh Chinh phu, trir trudng cdc trudng hgp quy djnh tai khodn 1 dieu ndy (Khodn 2 Dieu 76). Neu so sdch vdi phdp luat Lien bang Nga ve che dinh gidi thich, chiing ta thiy cd nhihig dilm khdc nhau. Luat Lien bang Nga khdng cd cdc quy pham cy the ve quyen ciia cdc co quan nhd nude trong gidi thich cdc dieu udc qudc te. Theo mpt cdch logich, neu dieu udc qudc te dugc ky ket nhan danh co quan ndo thi sau nay co quan dd cd quyen gidi thich dieu udc qudc te. Cdc dilu udc qudc te dugc cdc cip tda dn cao nhit gidi thich. Quyen nhu vay ciing dugc trao cho cdc tda thim quyen chung. Hgi nghi todn thi Tda dn toi cao ngdy 10/10/2003 da thdng qua Nghj quyet sd 5 "Vl vipc cdc tda thim quyen chung dp dyng cdc nguyen tic vd cdc quy pham da dugc cdng nhari chung ciia lu§t quoc te vd cdc dieu udc qudc te Lien bang Nga". Nghi quyet da quy dinh cdc van de ve giai thich dieu udc qudc te vd ve quyen cua cdc tda tham quyen chung trong gidi thich cac dieu udc qudc te. Cy thi nhu trong trudng hgp xuat hien vudng mic trong vipc gidi thich cdc nguyen tic vd cdc quy pham dugc cdng nhan chung cua luat quoc te, ciing nhu cdc dilu udc qudc te Lien bang Nga thi khuyen nghi cdc tda dn dp dyng cdc vdn bdn va cdc nghi quylt ciia cdc td chiic quoc te. Trong dd, bao gom cd cdc co quan ciia Lien hgp qudc, cdc co quan chuyen nganh Lien hgp qudc, ciing nhu lien hp vdi Vy phdp chi cua Bg Ngoai giao Lien bang Nga vd vdi Bp Tu phdp cua Lien bang Nga. Vi dy trong trudng hgp gidi thich dl 1dm rd cdc vin di lien quan din thdi ban hipu lyc cua dieu udc quoc tl; den thdnh phdn cua cdc qudc gia tham 166
29. gia vao dieu udc qudc te; cung nhu thuc tien qudc te ve dp dyng dieu udc quoc te"'. Hdi nghj toan the (Plenum) Tda an tdi cao Lien bang Nga da cd ket luan cy the rang, cac tda an giai thich cac dieu udc qudc te phdi phii hgp vdi Cdng udc Vienna ndm 1969. Gidi thich cdc dieu khodn cua dieu udc qudc te dugc xem la mgt trong nhiing trudng hgp giai thich quy pham phdp luat. De giai thich co ket qua, can dp dyng cdc phuong phdp giai thich phd bien khdc nhau thudng gap trong ly luan vd thyc tien dp dyng phdp luat d moi qudc gia (trir nhiing trudng hgp xung dot viii ban chat luat qudc te) dya tren co sd thda thuan ty nguyen giira cdc chii the cd chii quyen. Chiing ta biet rang, dieu udc qudc te Id vdn bdn ghi nhan ket qud y chi dam phdn ciia cac ben nen nliipm vy co bdn cua gidi thich vdn bdn la giai thich ndi dung cdc thda thuan ve y chi da dat dugc cy the bang dieu udc. Cdng udc Vienna ndm 1969 vd Cdng udc Vienna nam 1986 lan dau tien da quy djnh cdc nguyen tdc chung ve gidi thich dieu udc qudc te. Ca hai cdng udc deu ciing cd Phan 3 gom cdc dieu tir 31-33 quy dinh "Ve viec giai thich dieu udc qudc te". Cdc dieu tir 31-33 ciia Cdng udc Vienna nam 1969 vd Cdng udc Vienna ndm 1986 ve luat dieu udc qudc te da quy dinh cdc nguyen tic chung sau day: I) Dieu udc qudc te can phai dugc gidi thich mgt each tan tam, phii hgp vdi y nghia thdng thudng ciia dieu udc qudc te. ' MoKaynapoaHoe npaao. 06ma« nacxb. Hoa peaaKUHefi a.K).H., npoi}). r.H. KypaiOKOBa. Kasaub, 2007. - C.86-87. 167
30. nhdm bd sung rd nghia them cho cdc thuat ngiir ciia dieu tfd<c qudc te vd can gidi thich trong nguyen ban ciia nd; 2) Dieu udc qudc te can phdi dugc giai thich tren co sd ;ua ddi tugng vd cdc myc dich cua nd. Hai nguyen tic nay dugc xem Id hai nguyen tdc "then chdt" trong gidi thich dieu udc qudc tl. 3) Giai thich dieu udc qudc te cin phdi dugc thuc hien tren CO sd cdc tdi lieu sau day: a) Vdn bdn ciia dieu udc qudc te, trong dd bao gdm ca Idi ndi dau (hodc phan md dau) vd cdc phy lyc ciia dieu udc qudc te; b) Cdc tdi lieu cd lien quan sau khi dieu udc cd hieu lyc. Trong gidi thich dieu udc qudc te can phdi tinh den: thyc tien dp dyng dieu udc qudc te va bat ky cdc quy pham phii hgp ndo dirge dp dyng trong quan he giiia cdc ben tham gia dieu udc (Khodn 3 Dilu 31). Nhu vay, phuong phdp gidi thich ty nguyen dugc hilu la gidi thich trung thyc, khdng cd bieu hien map md, "cat giau" bode lira ddi ddi tdc, nhim thiet lap y nghia chan chinh dugc cy the trong vdn bdn dieu udc qudc te. Nguyen tic pacta sunt servanda - nguyen tdc ty nguyen thyc hien cdc cam ket qudc te dugc thyc hien khi vd chi khi dieu udc qudc te dugc gidi thich phii hgp vdi y nghia cua nd (Dieu 26). Phuong phdp gidi thich ngi dung, tire Id phdn dnh bdn chat ndi dung vdn ban, chii y ve y nghia tap quan vd gin chiing trong mgt trat ty vdn cdnh hodc mpt mach van cy the. Ngoai ra, viec dp dyng phuang phdp gidi thich ket hgp giura hai phuong phdp tren Id rat can thiet, tiic Id y nghia tap qudn cua thuat ngir dugc xdc djnh khong chi mang tinh trim tugng ma gdn chung vao mgt trat ty vdn canh phii hgp vdi ddi 168
31. tugng va muc dich cua dieu udc. Day la nguyen tac thudng dugc dp dung trong cdc quyet dinh ciia tda an qudc te. Trong Cdng udc Vienna nam 1969 va Cong udc Vienna ndm 1986 deu cd dieu khoan ndi ve phuang phap bd sung giai thich dieu udc qudc te. Ban chat ciia phuong phdp nay la d chd dya vao cdc van ban dy thao bode cdc tdi lieu trii hi (tai lieu trong cdc giai doan ky dieu udc) va hodn canh khi ky dieu udc qut>c te de gidi thich dieu udc qudc te. Chiing ta biet ring, mgt vdn ban dugc ban hdnh ludn cd gidi ban cd ve ndi dung va hinh thurc (the thiirc). Mpt dieu udc qudc te dugc ban hanh tren co sd thda hiep ve y chi ciia cdc ben ciing khdng phdi la mgt trudng hgp ngoai le (ludn cd gidi ban). Nen khi dam phdn ky ket cac dieu udc qudc te, cdc qudc gia khdng the dua tat ca cdc van de da dam thoai vdo trong cimg mgt dieu udc qudc te. Theo thong le, cac loai tdi lieu cdn lai, cd the Id: cac bai phdt bieu, cdc tuyen bd, cac biic thu, v.v trong tuong lai rat cd the la co sd cho viec ban hanh van ban phdp luat hoac la dugc sir dyng de gidii thich dieu udc qudc te. Vi dy, tai Dieu 7 Hiep djnh giiia Cdng boa xa hdi chu nghia Vitpt Nam vd Hgp chimg qudc Hoa Ky ve quan he thuang mai ducgc ky kit ngdy 13/7/2000 cd ghi: "Cdc phy lyc. Bang cam ket \k Thu trao ddi cua Hiep djnh nay la mgt bd phan khdng the tdeb rdi cua Hipp dinh ndy". Dilu dd ciing dugc khing dinh trong biic thur cua Chinh phii Viet Nam giri Co quan Dai dien Thuong mai Ho»a Ky va trong hire thu ciia Co quan Dai dien Thuang mai Hoa Ky giri Bd trudng Bd Thuong mai Vipt Nam ngdy 13/7/2000. Trcong cd hai biic thu deu vilt: "Tdi xin tran trgng xdc nhan rdng biicc thu ndy la mgt phan khong tdch rdi ciia Hiep djnh". Nhung 169
32. trong thuc tien quan he dieu udc qudc te, ciing cd nhirng trudng hgp Phy lyc cua dieu udc qudc te khdng phdi la mpt phan ciia dieu udc quoc te dd. Vi du nhu Phy lyc cua dilu udc quoc te ve khdng xam pham lan nhau ndm 1939 (Phy lyc ciia Dieu udc quoc te giiia Diic vd Nga) Id mpt Nghi dinh thu bi mat nhdm b6 sung ve cdc pham vi dnh hudng ciia dieu udc nay d chau Au'. Cdc phuong phdp bd sung de gidi thich dieu udc quoc te cd the dugc ggi mgt cdch hinh tugng Id "nhiing mat sit" ("iron sawdust") ludn ludn cd hudng tien tdi "nam cham" ("magnet") vi sire hiit ciia nd, tiic Id hudng tdi vdn ban chinh ciia dieu udc qudc te. Theo y kien cua M. Guber, cdc quy tie chung vd cdc phuong phdp bd sung gidi thich dieu udc qudc te da tao thdnh vdng trdn dong tam. Ngudi gidi thich thyc hien cdng viec ciia minh tir tam vdng trdn den vdng trdn, trong cdc "vdng vay lien tyc". Tam cua vdng iron ddng tam chinh Id vdn bdn dieu udc qudc te^. Trong cdc an pham phdp ly qudc te, cdc phuong phap gidi thich dieu udc qudc te deu dya tren co sd ly ludn chung ciia phap luat. Theo dd, cdc phuong phdp gidi thich ndy cd the bao gdm: Ijch sii, triet hgc (vdn pham), he thdng, logic, hinh thiic (chuyen ngdnh) phdp ly, myc dich luan (teleological). Khi dp dyng cdc phuang phdp ndy trong gidi thich dieu udc qudc te can phdi tinh ' KaaaMKapHH P.A. H MHraneB lO.H. MoKaynapoanoe npaBO. M.: 3KCM0, 2004. - C. 200. ^ 3ayapao XHManec ae Apenara. CoBpewcHHoe MejKayHapoaHoe npaao. - M.: Oporpecc, 1983. - C. 73. 170
33. den ckc dac diem ky ket dieu udc va npi dung cu the ciia timg diC-u udc qudc te. Chang ban nhu phuang phap giai thich Ijch sir dugc hieu la giai thich y nghia dieu udc qudc te bing each nghien cim cdc vin de gin vdi (hodc ve) hoan canh Ijch sir, ve quan he giira cdc ben va vc ckc myc dich md cdc ben ciing theo dudi khi ky dieu udc qudc te dd. Vi dy, khi nghien cim cdc tai lieu ciia Hpi nghi Xan-Phran-xi-xco nam 1945, chiing ta hinh dung dugc hodn canh lich sir khi do va tao dieu kien tdt hon cho viec gidi thich ve cac ndi dung Hien chuong Lien hgp qudc. Ching ban nhu khi giai thich ve cdc van de: quyen ra khdi Lien hgp qudc; ban chat phap ly Nghj quyet ciia Dai hpi ddng; ve ndi dung thuat ngii "sure manh" v.v Theo Khoan 4 Dieu 2 Hien chuong Lien hgp qudc, "sire manh" dugc hieu khdng chi cd siic manh quan sy ma cdn dugc quyen sir dyng bat ky mgt hinh thiic "cudng che" ndo khdc, cd the Id ve chinh tri hodc kinh te'. Uu diem cua phuang phdp gidi thich Ijch sir ndi chung vd viec ap dung cdc tai lieu trii bj ndi rieng trong gidi thich dieu udc quoc te da chiem dugc uu the nhat dinh trong thyc tien giai thich dieu udc qudc te va dugc nhieu luat gia - luat qudc te cdng nhan, ciing nhu dugc dp dung trong thyc tien xet xir d tda dn qudc te. ('bing ban nhu viec xem xet thu tyc gia nhap Lien hgp qudc ddi vdi cac thdnh vien mdi. Tda dn qudc te deu cho ring khdng can sir dyng den tai lieu trii bj cua Hdi nghj San-Phran-xi-xco, vi viec ket nap thdnh vien mdi dd dugc quy dinh rat cu the tai Dieu 4 HiSn chuong Lien hgp qudc. ' JleBHH fl.B. MewayHapoanoe npaao H coxpaHCHHe MHpa. M., 1971. 171
34. Cac phuang phdp gidi thich dieu udc qudc te giup chung ta hieu dugc chinh xdc y nghia cua vdn ban dieu udc qudc tl. 0 day bao gdm todn bg cac van de ke ca cdc thuat ngii vd su da dang ngdn ngir cua dieu udc qudc te. Khodn 1 Dieu 33 Cdng idc Vienna ndm 1969 da quy djnh ring khi xdc thyc bdn chinh cua vdn ban dieu udc qudc te bdng hai bode nhieu ngdn ngG, cd the cd sy khdc nhau (bode xung dot) giira cdc vdn bdn. Cdc ben dieu udc can quy djnh cu the vdn bdn ndo se dugc uu tien hipu iyc. Dieu nay cd nghia Id trong dieu udc qudc te dd can khing djnh cy the ring khi cd xung dgt can gidi thich thi sir dyng vdn ban bing ngdn ngii ndo? (tieng Anh, Phdp, Nga, Tay Ban Nha A Rap bode tieng Tnmg Qudc v.v ). - Chiing ta biet ring, dieu udc da ngdn ngii cd ddc dilm rieng, do dd ciing cd phuong phdp gidi thich rieng. Dieu 33 Cdng udc Vierma ndm 1969 da quy dinh cdc phuong phdp va cdc nguyen tic gidi thich cho tat cd cdc loai dieu udc qudc te. Phan Idn cdc dieu udc quoc te dugc soan thdo vd thdng qua bing bai hodc nhieu ngdn ngir. Ben canh dd, trong thyc tien quan he dieu udc qudc te chua cd vdn ban phdp ly qudc te ndo quy dinh ve sy han che ngdn ngii dieu udc. Chi cdc dieu udc qudc te dugc ky kit trong pham vi Lien hgp qudc thi dugc soan thdo bing 6 thii tieng: tieng Anh, Phdp, Nga, A Rap, Tay Ban Nha va tieng Trung Qudc vi dd deu Id sdu ngdn ngu chinh ciia Lien hgp qudc. Nhu vay, doi vdi dieu udc qudc te da ngdn ngii, nguyen tic quan trgng nhat de gidi thich dilu udc loai nay chinh la nguyen tdc binh ding tuyet doi vl ngdn ngii chinh ciia dilu udc. Dilu 111 Hien chuong Lien hgp qudc dd quy dinh rdng, cdc vdn bdn dieu udc bang tieng Trung Qudc, Phdp, Nga, Anh vd tieng Tay Ban Nha deu cd gid tri nhu nhau. Dd la ngdn ngur dimg sogn thdo, 172
35. ngon ngiir diing thong qua dieu udc qudc te, tire la ngdn ngir ban chinh (hoac gdc) dieu udc qudc te. Tat nhien, thuc tien ngdn ngii ciia dieu udc qudc te rat da dang. Dieu udc co the dugc soan thao bang mgt ngdn ngur nay va thdng qua bang mpt ngdn ngir khdc. Vi dy dien hinh cho loai dieu udc qudc te da ngdn ngir nay la Cdng udc Chicago ve hang khdng dan dung qudc te nam 1944, Cdng udc dugc thong qua va ky ban dau chi bang tieng Anh. Vdn ban bang tieng Tay Ban Nha va tieng Phdp dugc cdng nhan la van ban chinh tir dau nhung dugc soan thdo muon hon sau 20 nam va dugc thong qua tai Hpi nghj Ngoai giao nam 1968. Van ban tieng Nga dugc soan thdo vdo ndm 1970 vd dugc cdng nhan la van bdn chinh tai Hdi nghj Mdn-tre-an ndm 1977'. Hodc cd dieu udc quy djnh khi giai thich cd the sii dyng mgt trong cdc vdn ban chinh cua dieu udc dd. Chdng ban nhu E)ieu 320 Cdng udc Lien hgp qudc ve luat bien nam 1982 da quy djnh rang, van ban chinh ciia Cdng udc nay la tieng Anh, Phap, Nga, A Rap, Tay Ban Nha vd tieng Trung Qudc. Cac vdn ban nay deu CO gia trj phdp ly nhu nhau vd viec gidi thich Cdng udc nay cd the sir dyng mgt trong cdc van bdn ndi tren. Nhu vay, viec cac ben cua dieu udc qudc te quy djnh cy the trong dieu udc qudc te ve bdn gdc, ve ngdn ngir gidi thich vd vdn ban dieu udc dugc dimg de giai thich dieu udc qudc te la rat can tliiet. Dieu dd cd y nghia rat quan trgng trong thyc tien thi hdnh vd dp dyng dieu udc qudc te. Vi dy, Dieu 21 Hiep dinh tuong trg tu I KoaoeoB lO.M. HcKoxopwe MOKaynapoaHO-npaBOBue Bonpocbi B CB>I3H C scrynaeHHeM CCCP H B OprauHsauHK) MejKayHapoaHofi rpa)KaaHCKoft iiBnauHH//CEMn.l971. M., 1973; EBHXOB B.H. MHoroa3biHHbie aoroBopw » coBpeMCHHOM Me)KayHapoziHOM npase. Knea, 1981. - C. 68-72. 173
36. phdp ve hinh sy giua Cgng hda xa hgi chu nghia Viet Nam /d D^ hdn Dan qudc dugc ky kit ngdy T 5/9/2003 quy dinh ring: "Hi€p djnh ndy dugc lam thanh hai bdn, moi bdn bing tilng Vipt tieng Han Qudc vd tieng Anh, cdc vdn bdn cd gid tri nhu nhau. Irong trudng hgp nay sinh bat ddng trong viec gidi thich Hiep dinh nay, vdn bdn tilng Anh se dugc dimg 1dm co sd"'; hodc trong ditu u6c qudc tl dugc ky kit giiia Lien bang Nga vd Hungary, dd ghi nh|in: "Trong trudng hgp cd sy khdc nhau thi sir dyng vdn bdr bdng tilng Anh di gidi thich dilu udc"^; hodc Hipp dinh tuong trg tu phdp vl hinh sy giiia Cdng hda xa hdi chu nghia Vipt Nam 'd Dai Hdn Dan qudc ky ngdy 15/9/2003, tai Dilu 21 quy djnh: " yong. trudng hgp ndy sinh bat ddng trong vipc gidi thich Hipp dim nay, vdn bdn tieng Anh se dugc dimg lam co sd" (Khodn 3). Nhu vay, nhiem vy gidi thich dieu udc quoc te cd y nghta thyc tien quan trgng nhim dp dyng vd thi hdnh diing myt dich cua dilu udc qudc te. De dam bdo dieu dd, vipc gidi thich dieu udc qudc te can dugc thyc hien phii hgp vdi cdc nguyen dc co ban cua luat quoc tl da dugc ghi nhan trong Hien chuong Lien hgp qudc, phu hgp vdi cdc quy pham da dugc quy dinh tr(ong Cdng udc Vierma ndm 1969 vd Cdng udc Vierma ndm 1986 ve luat dieu udc qudc te. 3. Bo sung va siira doi dieu vote quoc te Trong qud trinh thi hdnh dilu udc quoc te (dieu udc co hii§u lyc), cdc quoc gia cd thi bo sung vd sua doi dieu udc quic te^. ' Cdng bao, Thang 10, Sd 29+30 (23/10/2005). tr. 110. ^ BMA P - - 1997. - No 2. - C. 35. ' Ddi khi cdn dupe gpi la "sxf xit \^i" dilu udc qu6c tl. Nhimg tronj C^dng udc Vienna nam 1969 vl lu^t dilu udc quic tl khdng ghi nh$n thifit ngO- 174
37. De xuat ve bd sung can phdi dugc xem xet vd dugc sy ddng y cua tat cd cdc ben tham gia dieu udc qudc te. Viec bd sung cdc dieu khodn cy the cua dieu udc qudc tl dugc thyc hipn thdng qua qud trinh thyc thi dieu udc. Vipc bd sung cd thi thyc hipn bing hinh thiic thdng qua vdn bdn qudc te mdi. Vi dy, de ddp iing vdi thuc tien khi dp dyng Cdng udc WARSAW ndm 1929, ICAO dd dua ra 4 Nghj djnh thu bd sung cho Cdng udc WARSAW. Cy the gdm: Nghj dinh thu so 1 bd sung cho Cdng udc WARSAW; Nghj dinh thu sd 2 bd sung cho Cdng udc WARSAW vd Nghi djnh thu Hague ndm 1955; Nghj dinh thu sd 3, 4 bo sung cho Cdng udc WARSAW vd Nghi djnh thu Hague vd Nghj dinh thu Guatemala ndm 1971)'. Cdc dieu bo sung cd the dd dugc quy dinh ngay trong dieu udc qudc te. Bd sung dieu udc dugc thyc hien thdng qua qud trinh dam phdn vd cdc ben tham gia dieu udc qudc te cimg ky vao mgt thda thuan ve viec bd sung dieu udc^. Ching ban nhu vipc bd sung ddi vdi Hien chuong Lien hgp qudc. Sau khi Hiin chucmg Lien hgp quoc cd hieu lyc (ngdy 24/10/1945), ngay 17/12/1963 Dai hpi ddng Lien hgp qudc dd thdng qua cdc bd sung ddi vdi Dieu 23, 27 vd 61 ciia Hiin chuong vd cdc dilu bd nay, ma chi ghi nh|n vl bi sung va sua doi dilu udc quoc tl (cac dilu tir 39-41). Ngd Huy Cuong. MOt si v4n &i vl Iu$t hang khdng. NXB Cdng an NhSn dan. H., I998.tr. 185. CAC bi sung cho dilu udc cd thi lien quan din cac tir rifing bi^t va th|un trf den t^ diu chim ho$c diu phiy trong cau. Vf dy, trong cac Van bin bi sung cho Cdng udc Chicago vl hang khdng d&n dyng quic tl: cu6i dilu 45 cua C6ng udc diu "chim" dupe thay bang diu "phiy", doi vdi dilu 48 (a) tir "hang nam" dupe thay thi bang cau "khdng ft hom mOt lin trong 3 nam". 175
38. sung dd cd hieu lyc ngdy 31/8/1965; bo sung Dieu 109 cua Hi^n chuong dugc Dai hdi ddng thdng qua ngdy 20/12/1965 vi cd hipu lyc ngdy 12/6/1968. Theo dd, Dilu 23 Hiin chuong dupe bo sung ve viec tang sd lugng cdc thdnh vien cua Hgi ddng BdJ an Lien hgp qudc tir II len 15 thdnh vien. Bd sung cho Dieu 27 Hien chuong quy djnh ring, cdc Quyet djnh ciia Hdi ddng Bdo an Lien hgp qudc ve cdc van de thu tyc s6 dugc thdng qua khi cd 9 philu thuan (trudc day la 7), cdn vl tit cd cdc van de khac s6 dugc thdng qua khi cd 9 phieu thuan (trudc day Id 7) nhung trong dd phdi cd 5 phieu cua cdc thdnh vien thudng tryc Hgi ddng Bdd an Lien hgp quoc. Dieu 61 Hien chuong dugc bd sung ve viec tdng sd lugng thdnh vien cua Hdi ddng Kinh te vd Xs hpi tir 18 len 27 (cd hieu lyc ngdy 31/8/1965) vd bd sung lan sau dd tdng tir 27 len 54 thdnh vien cd hieu lyc ngdy 24/9/1973. Khodn 1 Dieu 109 Hien chuong dugc bd sung ve thdi gian vd dia diem tiln hdnh Hdi nghj Dai hdi ddng de xem xet lai Hien chuong Lien hgp qudc khi cd 2/3 phieu thuan cua cdc thdnh vien Li6n hgp qudc vd 9 phieu thuan (trudc kia Id 7) bat ky cua cdc thdnh vien Hdi ddng Bdo an Lien hgp qudc. Tuong ty nhu vay, tai ky hgp lan thii 48 ciia Uy ban quoc te vl ddnh bdt cd voi da thyc hien cdc dieu bd sung ddi vdi Phu lyc cua Cdng udc qudc te vl viec dieu chinh ngdnh cdng nghiep sdn cd voi ngdy 02/12/1946. Chinh phu Lien bang Nga da thdng qua . bo simg ndy bdng mpt Nghi dinh ctia Chinh phu ngdy 27/9/1996. Chinh phu dd giao cho Bp Ngoai giao Lien bang Nga thdng bdo cho Ban thu ky cua Uy ban qudc te sdn cd voi ve sy ddng y ciia Chinh phu Lien bang Nga vdi cdc dilu bd sung doi vdi Phy lyc'; hodc ngdy 27/8/2005 Chinh phu Lien bang Nga dd ban hdnh ' "PoccHficKaa rasexa". - 1996.-9 OKXHdpa. 176
39. Nghj dinh "Ve viec Lien bang Nga thdng qua cdc bd sung ddi vdi .Mghi dinh thu Montreal ve cdc chat phd hiiy tang ozone". Ngi dung Nghj djnh da nhan manh rdng "cam nhap khau vdo Lien bang Nga va xuat khau tir Lien bang Nga cac san pham cd chura cac chat phd buy tang ozone"'; hodc ngdy 02/7/2008 Duma Qudc gia Lien bang Nga da thdng qua Luat Lien bang Nga "Ve vipc thdng qua cdc bd sung ddi vdi Cdng udc ve bdo ve con ngucri khdi vat lieu hat nhan"^ (bd sung dd dugc thdng qua tai Hgi nghj ve xem xet vd thong qua cdc bd sung ddi vdi Cdng udc d tbanli phd Vienna ngay 08/7/2005). Phan Idn cdc dieu udc qudc te da phuang deu cd cdc dieu khoan rieng quy djnh ve thu tyc bd sung dieu udc qudc te. Vi dy, Dieu 50 cua Cdng udc ve cdc quyen ciia tre em ngay 20/11/1989 quy dinh ring: "Bat ky quoc gia ndo Id thdnh vien ciia Cdng udc diu cd the de xuat bd sung vd giri nd tdi Tdng Thu ky Lien hgp qudc". Sau dd Tdng Thu ky Lien hgp qudc chuyen de nghj bd sung do cho qudc gia - thdnh vien vdi de nghi hay cho y kien ve viijc CO can trieu tap mpt Hdi nghi cua cdc qudc gia-thdnh vien (Hpi nghj todn thi) vdi muc dich de xem xet cac de nghi dd va tiln hdnh bd phieu ve cdc de nghi dd hay khdng. Thyc tien da minh chiing rang, neu mpt qudc gia la mpt ben ciia dilu udc qudc te, nhung khdng Id mpt ben cua thda thuan ve bo sung ddi vdi dieu khoan ndo dd cua dieu udc qudc te, thi qudc gia dd khdng bi rdng bupc vdi thda thuan bd sung dieu udc dd. Do vay, khi bd sung dieu udc qudc te cd hieu lyc thi bd sung dd se trd thdnh bit bupc chi ddi vdi cdc qudc gia da thdng qua bd sung do. Cdn ddi vdi cdc qudc gia khdc Id cdc ben ciia dieu udc ' "PoccHHcKa rasexa". - 2005. - 1 ceHXHdpji. ^ "PoccHftcKaH ra3exa". - 2008. - 30 mojin. 177
40. thi van giii nguyen cdc dieu khodn bdt bupc cua dieu udc trudc dd vd bat ky cdc bd sung ndo trudc dd md cac qudc gia dd da thdng qua (hoac ddng y rdng bupc vdi chiing). Siira doi, theo nguyen tic thudng lien quan tdi dieu udc da phuang. Sua ddi cdc dieu khodn rieng biet cua dieu udc qudc tl ciing ndm trong qua trinh bd sung dieu udc qudc te. Nd klidng gay ra sy sira ddi triet de ve npi dung cua dieu udc qudc tl'. Theo nguyen tic, hai hodc mpt sd thdnh vien ciia dieu udc qudc te cd the ky ket thda thuan ve sira doi dieu udc va dieu dd chi cd hieu lyc giiia chinh hp vdi nhau. Nhung chi cd the thyc hien dugc dieu dd, neu vipc sira ddi da dugc quy dinh ngay trong dieu udc, vd neu vipc sua ddi dd khdng 1dm dnh hudng den vipc thi hdnh cdc quyen vd trach nhiem cua cdc ben cdn lai cua dieu udc qudc te. Hon nura, vipc sira ddi dd khdng dugc xung dot (hodc trdi) vdi ddi tugng vd cdc myc dich ciia dieu udc qudc te. Cuoi ciing, can phdi thdng bdo cho cdc ben tham gia khdc ciia dilu udc ve y djnh ky ket thda thuan ve sira ddi dieu udc qudc tl. Viec sira ddi dieu udc qudc te ddi khi cdn dugc thyc hien bing cdc Nghi dinh thu vd de cdc Nghi dinh thu do cd hieu lyc thi tat cd cdc nude thdnh vien cua dieu udc phdi phe chuin cac Nghi dinh thu dd. Vi dy nhu, Dieu 11 Nghi djnh thu thii hai vl sua ddi Hiep udc than thipn vd hgp tdc Ddng Nam A dugc ky' kit ngdy 25/7/1998, quy dinh: "Nghi dinh thu ndy cin phdi dugc phe chuan va s6 cd hieu lyc ke tir ngdy vdn bdn Phe chuan cudi cimg ciia cdc ben tham gia dugc ngp luu chieu"^. ' Taaaaaea A.H. BeHCKanx KoHBenuwi o npaae Me)KayHapojlHux aoroBopoB. KoMMeuxapHti. M., 1997. - C. 106, 111. ' html 178
41. viec sira ddi cung dugc thuc hien ddi vdi dieu udc qudc te song phuong, tat nhien thudng it hon so vdi cdc dieu udc quoc te da phirong. Siia ddi ddi vdi dieu udc qudc te song phuang cung dugc cdc ben dam phan thda thuan va dugc quy djnh ngay trong dieu udc. Vi du, trong Hiep djnh hgp tac ve con nudi giura Cdng hda xa hpi chu nghia Viet Nam vd Canada dugc ky ket ngay 27/6/2005, tai dilu 17 da quy djnh vl sira d6i Hiep dinh: "Hiep djnh nay co the dugc cdc Nude ky ket ddng thda thuan sira ddi. Viec sira ddi nhu vay dugc tien hdnh bdng cdch trao ddi cdng ham ngoai giao giiira cdc Nude vd se cd hieu lyc vdo ngdy cd cdng ham thir hai"'; hoac la tai Dieu 16 Hipp djnh giiia Chinh phu Cdng hda xa hdi chu nghia Viet Nam vd Chinh phii Cdng hda Thdng nhat Tan-da-ni-a ve Hgp tdc thuang mai ky ngay 08/10/2001 ghi nhan: "Mgi sy bd sung vd sira ddi ddi vdi Hiep djnh nay se dugc the hien bang van bdn va cdc ben se thdng bdo cho nhau khi cdc thu tyc phap ly can thiet de cdc bd sung vd sira doi dd cd hieu lyc dugc hoan thanh. Cac bd sung vd sira ddi se cd hipu lyc vao ngdy hai Ben trao cho nhau cong ham thdng bdo ve vip'c cdc thu tuc phap ly ciia hai ben ky ket da dugc hodn tat" . Chung ta ciing cd the dan chimg vi dy ve sua ddi dieu udc trong thyc tien quan he dieu udc giiia Chinh phii Vipt Nam vd Chinh phu Phap. Theo dd, hai Chinh phii da ciing ddng thda thuan sira doi Nghi djnh thu tai chinh dugc ky kit giiia Chinh phii nude Cdng hda xd hdi chu nghia Viet Nam vd Chinh phu nude Cdng hda Phdp ngay 12/11/1997. Bdn sira ddi Nghi dinh thu nay da dugc Chinh phu hai nude ky ngdy 01/3/2005 vd tai Dieu 2 quy ' Cftng bao. So 6 (06/12/2005). - tr. 63. ^ hnp://www.dei.gov.vn/vi/contents/c_vietnam/c_Ckqt/200312013858 179
42. dinh ring "Bdn sua doi ndy cua Nghj djnh thu ngdy 12 thdng 11 ndm 1997 cd hipu luc ke tir ngdy ky"l. DI thyc hi$n mgt bipp djnh qudc tl ndo dd, ddi khi cdc tiu6c gia thanh vien cdn sira ddi vdn bdn trong nude cho phii hgp vdi cdc cam kit cua hiep dinh de thi hdnh nd. Vi dy nhu Bg tnrdng Bp Tdi chinh Viet Nam dd ban hdnh Quylt djnh so 25/2007/QD- BTC ngdy 16/4/2007 ve vipc sira ddi, bd sung Quylt djnh sd 09/2006/QD-BTC ngdy 28/02/2006 cua Bp trudng Bd Tai chinh ve vipc ban hdnh danh myc hang hda vd miic thue xuat nhap khiu uu ddi ddc biet cua Viet Nam de thyc hien Hipp dinh ve chuong trinh uu ddi thue quan cd hieu lyc chung (CEPT) cua cdc nude ASEAN giai doan 2006-2013. Nhu vay, vipc sua ddi, bd sung vdn bdn quy pham phdp luat khdng chi dugc thyc hien ddi vdi vdn bdn quy pham phdp luat qudc gia, md cdn ddi vdi cd cdc vdn bdn quy pham phdp luat quoc te. Mdc dii, ve hinh thiic, each thiic vd phuong phdp tilp can vd gidi quylt van di ve sua doi, bd sung vdn bdn quy ph^mi phdp luat la khdc nhau, nhung lai gidng nhau vl bdn chit. Dd Id sira ddi, bo sung nhdm 1dm cho vdn bdn quy ph^un phdp lu$t phii hgp hon vdi tinh hinh mdi, ddp ung dugc yeu ciu phdt trien hgp tdc qudc te ngdy cdng da dang. Do dd, cd the nh§n djnh ring vipc sura doi, bo sung dieu udc qudc tl Id mpt trong nhiing chi djnh quan trpng cua luat dieu udc qudc te, ddng thdi Id phuong tipn nhim phdt trien ngdy cdng hoan thien hon cdc quy ph?un luat dilu udc qudc tl ndi rieng va hp thdng phdp lu§t quoc te ndi chung. ' Cdng bao, Thang 10, S6 29+30 (23/10/2005). tr. 95. 180
43. CHlfONG y CHAM DLTT VA TAM DINH CHI HIEU Lire DIEU irdc QUOC TE 1. CHAM DUT HIEU Ll/C DIEU UCJC QUOC TE 2. TAM DINH CHI HIEU LUC DIEU \S6c QUOC TE 3. TAC DONG CUA CHIEN TRANH DEN DIEU UCJC QUOC TE Chdm dirt vd tgm dinh chi hieu luc dieu udc qudc te Id mot vdn de quan trgng trong hogt ddng dieu udc qudc te, lien quiin den viec dp dung cdc quy phgm phdp lugt qudc te. Ddy ciing la vdn de thu hiit nhieu nhd khoa hoc - lugt qudc te dau tu nghien cuu . Crudewig A. Die Beendigung volkerrechtlicher Vertrage. Breslau, 1908; Tobin H. The Termination of Multipartite Treatiese. N.Y., 1933; David. The Strategy of Treaty Termination. London, 1975; Frankowska M. Wypowiedzenie umowy miedzynarodowe). Warszawa, 1976; Konton N. The Termination and Revition of Treaties in the Light of New Customary Intemational Law. N.Y., 1994; BOJIOCOB M.E. KpHxepHH npaaoMepnocxH npcKpameHH« fleftcxBHHM Me»c;iyHapoflHbix floroaopoe// HpaBoaeaeHHe. 181
44. 1. Cham diit hi^u lyc dieu irdc quoc te Viec cham dut hieu lyc dieu udc qudc te dugc quy djnh trong dieu udc qudc tl ho$c dugc thyc hipn theo thda thu^ cua cdc ben tham gia dieu udc dd. Thuat ngur "chim diit" thudng dugc su dyng chi khi dilu udc quoc te mat hipu lyc ddi vdi tit cd cdc ben tham gia dieu udc qudc te. Neu vipc chim dirt dd chi lien quan den mpt hodc mpt sd ben ciia dilu udc quoc tl da phuong thi dieu dd ddng nghia vdi vipc nit khdi dieu udc quoc te ciia m^t ho^c mpt sd ben. Cdc dilu 54, 56, 59, 60, 61, 62 vd 64 cua Cdng udc Vieima ndm 1969 vd Cdng udc Vierma ndm 1986 ve luat dilu udc qudc te ciing nhu cdc quy pham trong vdn bdn cua mpt so cdc dilu udc qudc te dd quy dinh cdc co sd hodc cdc cdn cii de cham dut hipu lyc cua dilu udc qudc te (ddi khi cdc cdn cii dd cdn dugc gpi Id cdc phuong phdp). Cdc cdn cii dd cd the bao gdm cdc cdn cir ben ngodi vd cdc cdn cii ben trong cua dieu udc qudc te. Cac can cu* ben trong (tiic Id, cdn cii dugc quy dinh ngay trong vdn bdn dilu udc qudc te) bao gom: - Dilu udc qudc te bet hipu lyc; - Thyc hipn xong dilu udc qudc tl; - Tir bd dieu udc quoc te; - Sy bit dau cua dieu kipn dugc quy dinh ngay trong dilu udc quoc te. 1969. So 4; Tajianaea A.H. HpeKpameHHe MewayHapoflHux aoroaopoa B HcxopHH H npaKXHKe CoaercKoro rocyaapcxaa// CEMO., 1959. 182
45. Cac cdn cii- ben ngoai (tiic la, cdn cir khdng dugc quy djnh trong dieu udc qudc te) bao gdm: - Theo thda thuan chung cua cac ben tham gia dieu udc qudc te; - Vi ke thira (bode lien quan den ke thira dieu udc qudc te); - Chien tranh; - Quyen cd y (bode ty y) tir bd dieu udc qudc te; - Vi pham dieu udc qudc te; - Khdng cd kha ndng (ndng lyc) de thyc hien tiep dieu udc qudc te; - Thay ddi cdn bdn cdc cam ket cua dieu udc qudc te; - Ky ket mpt dieu udc qudc te sau dd (hodc tiep theo) ve cimg mpt van de nhu vay; - Sy xuit hipn cua quy pham menh lenh (jus cogens) mdi ciia luat qudc te; - Huy bd dieu udc qudc te (termination of agreement); - Sy bien mat (mat quyen chu the) cua cdc chu the dieu udc qudc te; - Khdng cdn tdn tai (diet vong, tan vd, bien mat) ddi tugng ciia dieu udc qudc te; - Sy bit dau cua dieu kipn hiiy bd (subsequent condition). Trong cdc cdn cir ndi tren, cd mpt sd cdn cii dugc ggi Id y chi (sy tir bd) vd ty dgng (hit hipu lyc). 183
46. Chiing ta ciing xem xet mpt sd cdn cir ma trong vie: giidi thich cdc can cir dd cd xuat hien nhung khd khdn nhat djnh. Tir bo diiu u&c quoc te Tir bd dieu udc qudc te Id khi mpt ben dieu udc qioc tl thdng bdo cho ben khac ve sy cham dirt dieu udc qudc te. "ir bd dugc thyc hien theo trinh ty vd thdi ban da dugc quy dinhtrrong dilu udc qudc te, tiic la tir bd can dugc quy dinh ngay tronj dieu udc qudc te. Ben (bode qudc gia) ra tuyen bd ve cham dir dtieu udc qudc tl hoac rut khdi dieu udc qudc te can phai thdni Ibdo trudc cho cdc ben (hodc cdc qudc gia) khdc ciia dieu udc qidtc te vl viec cham diit hipu lyc dieu udc vd riit khdi dieu udc qidis le dd. Vi dy, trong cdc dieu udc quoc te da phuong (cdc cdng u>dc) cd dilu khodn quy dinh nhu sau: moi qudc gia thanh vien i6 the tir bd dilu udc (cdng udc) hien tai bing cdch thdng bdo bdn^ wdn ban vl dilu dd cho Tdng Thu ky Lien hgp qudc. Viec tir bdse' cd hipu lyc sau mpt nam ke tir ngdy Tdng Thu ky Lien hgp qiudc nhan dugc thdng bao dd. Tir bd nhu vay chi cd hieu lyc doi vdi qudc gia ra tuyen bd tir bd dieu udc qudc te'. Hodc tai Denn a Myc 3 Phy lyc I cua Cdng udc so 14 - Cdng udc ve Apdymg nghi hang tuan cho cdc co sd cdng nghiep ndm 1921, quydimh: "a). Mpt nude thdnh vien nao da thdng qua Cdng udc nay id ithe bdi udc bdn Cdng udc sau mpt thdi ban 10 ndm ke tir ngay C^ng I Dac diem ciia tir b6 quy djnh trong cSe Cong udc Vienna n5m H49' \k trong cde Nghj djnh thu b6 sung cho C6ng u6c n^y nSm 1977: Cic vSn ban niy c6 the tir b6, nhung cimg vdi bSo luu, tir bo khong c6 hi*u Ivc phip ly v^o thdi gian khi m^ cdc cudng quoc tir bd dd tham gia v4c xiung dOt vu trang; dieu 65 Cong udc ve bio v§ cic quyen vi t\f do eo bin <• ciia con ngudi: "Cic quoc gia ky hi?p udc cd the tir bd Cong udc niy chi khi h^t han nim nim k^ tir thdi diem khi mi qudc gia dd trd thinh thim vvien ciia Cdng udc ". 184
47. udc bat dau cd hieu lyc lan dau tien, bing mpt van ban truyen dat viec bai udc nay cho Tdng giam ddc Van phdng lao ddng qudc te de ddng ky. Vipc bai udc nay chi cd hieu lyc sau mpt nam ke tir ngay da dang ky vdi Tdng gidm ddc"'. Theo nguyen tic, trong cdc dieu udc qudc te song phuang, mpt trong cdc ben cd the thdng bdo y djnh cua minh ve vipc cham dirt hieu lyc ciia dieu udc qudc te bdng cdch thdng bao bdng vdn ban trong vdng ba thdng, sdu thdng hodc mpt nam (hodn todn phu thupc vdo y djnh cua hai ben) trudc khi dieu udc qu(')c te do bet hieu lyc. Day la loai dieu udc rat da dang cd ve binh thiic, ndi dung, each thirc the hien ve cham diit hieu lyc ciing nhu viec gia ban hieu lyc cua dieu udc. Chang ban nhu: - Tai Myc 3 Dieu 21 Hipp dinh tuong trg tu phdp ve hinh su giiia Cdng hda xd hgi chu nghia Viet Nam vd Dai hdn Dan quoc da dugc ky kit ngay 15/9/2003 quy djnh ring: "Moi ben cd the cham durt Hiep djnh nay vdo bat ky thdi diem ndo bang vipc giri van bdn thdng bdo cho nhau va Hiep djnh se bet hieu lyc sau sdu (6) thdng ke tir ngay nhan dugc thdng bao dd. Khi thdng bdo vl viec cham diit Hipp djnh nay da dugc giri, cdc yeu cau tuong trg nh^ dugc trudc khi Hiep djnh bet hieu lyc van dugc tiep tyc thyc hien nhu trong trudng hgp Hipp djnh nay van cdn hipu lyc, tru khi Ben yeu cau nit yeu cau tuong trg" . - Dieu 12 Hipp djnh thuang mai giira Chinh phii Cdng hda xa hpi chu nghia Viet Nam va Chinh phii Cdng hda Li-Bang ky ngdy 12/8/2003, quy djnh: " Hipp djnh ndy cd hieu lyc trong ' To chuc lao dpng qudc te. MOt s6 Cong udc vi khuyen nghj cua To chuc lao dpng quoc te. NXB Lao dgng-Xi hdi. H., 2004. tr. 636. ^ Cong bao. Thing 10, Sd 29+30 (23/10/2005). tr. 110. 185
48. 5 ndm vd cd the dugc mdc nhien gia ban cho cdc thdi ban tmmg ty, trir khi mgt trong cdc ben thdng bdo cho ben kia bing vdn Ddn it nhat Id ba thdng trudc khi Hipp dinh bet hieu lyc, y djnh cham dirt hipu lyc" '. Tuong ty nhu vay, tai Dieu 9 Hipp djnh ve quan he kinh te - thuong mai giiia Chinh phii nude Cpng hda xd hdi chu nghia Viet Nam vd Chinh phu CCCP ky ngdy 15/8/1^91 cung quy dinh ring: Hipp dinh cd hieu lyc tir ngdy ky vd se tiep tyc cd hieu lyc cho den khi mpt trong cdc Ben ky ket thdng bdo bing vdn bdn cho ben kia khdng cham hon 6 thdng ve y dinh cua minh mudn cham diit hieu lyc cua Hipp dinh . - Trong Hipp dinh thuong mai giira Chinh phu nude Cpng hda xd hdi chu nghia Viet Nam vd Chinh phu nude Cdng hda nhan dan Trung Hoa ky ngdy 07/11/1991, tai Dilu 11 hai ben dd thda thuan ring: " Hipp dinh cd thdi han Id ba ndm. Ba thdng trudc khi Hiep djnh nay bet ban, neu chua cd ben ndo diing \'dn bdn di nghj chim diit Hiep dinh ndy, thi thdi ban hieu lyc cua Hipp dinh nay se ty dpng keo ddi them mpt ndm vd se tiep tyc keo dai theo the thiic ay"^. Nhin chung viec cham dirt hieu lyc ciia dieu udc qudc te co the ndi rat da dang vi nd phy thupc vdo sy dung hda y chi (sy thda hiep) cua cdc ben dieu udc dd. Vi dy nhu Hipp djnh giiia Chinh phu Cpng hda xa hpi chu nghia Viet Nam vd Chinh phu ddc khu hdnh chinh Hdng Kdng thupc nude Cdng hda nhan dan Trung Hoa vl dich vy hdng khdng dugc ky ngdy 10/9/1999, quy ' ' ' 186
49. djnh: "Bat ky thdi gian nao, moi ben cd the giri van ban cho phia ben kia ve quyet djnh cham dirt ban hiep djnh nay. Ban hiep dinh nay se cham dirt ngay lap tiic vao nira dem (d ben nhan dugc thdng bao) trudc ngay dau tien nhan dugc bdn thdng bao dd ciia ben kia, trir khi thdng bao dd dugc buy bd trudc khi ket thiic thdi diem nay" (Dieu 19). Quyen tuy tir bd dieu u&c quoc te Nhu tren da phan tich, dieu udc qudc te rat da dang vd dugc ky kit tren co sd binh dang ve y chi giiia cdc quoc gia. Tiiy thugc vao ddi tugng dieu chinh ciia timg loai dieu udc ma cac qudc gia thda thuan ve quyen vd nghia vy ciia moi ben. Do dd, cd dieu udc qudc te quy djnh ve viec "cam tir bd dieu udc". Cd dieu udc quy djnh ve viec tuyen bd tir bd dieu udc dugc thyc hien vdo bat ky liic nao. Cd dieu udc khdng cd dieu khodn nao quy dinh vl viec: cham diit, tir bd hodc rut khdi dieu udc quoc te, nhung lai dugc thyc hien bdng quyen ty y tir bd dieu udc tir mpt trong cdc ben cua dieu udc qudc te. Vi du, Muc 2 Dieu 22 Dieu udc ve khu vyc phi vii khi hat nhan d Ddng Nam A ngay 15/12/1995 quy dinh: " bat ky qudc gia ndo - thdnh vien ciia dieu udc ciing cd quyen nit khdi dieu udc nay"; hodc Dieu X Hiep udc khdng phd bien vii khi hat nhan ndm 1968, quy dinh cho phep mpt qudc gia riri bd hipp udc khi cd "nhirng bien cd bat thudng, lien quan den hipp udc, gay thiet hai cho nhiing quyen lgi tdi thugng cua quoc gia ndy"; hodc Dieu udc ve cam thir vii khi hat nhan ndm 1963 ciing cd nhirng quy dinh tuong ty. Trong thyc tien quan he dieu udc quoc tl, rat it gdp loai dilu udc qudc te md ndi dung ciia nd quy dinh cam tir bd dieu udc. Vi dy, Dieu udc qudc te ve Xa-ha-ra ndm 1953, Dilu 42 quy dinh: 187
50. "Dieu udc ndy dugc ky kit vdi thdi ban 5 (ndm) ndm, bit diu tii ngdy 01/01/1954. Dieu udc nay cam tir bd"'. Dilu udc qudc te khdng cd dieu khodn quy djnh ve khd ndng tir bd tdn tai rat nhieu trong thyc tien quan h? dieu udc qudc te. Dd Id cac dieu udc ve hda binh, cdc dilu udc ve bien gidi, cac dieu udc qudc te da phuang (phd c|ip). Ching haii nhu, cdc Cdng udc Geneve ve luat bien ndm 1958; cdc Cdn^ udc Vienna ve cdc linh vyc ngoai giao, Idnh sy, ludt dieu udc va? cdc ndm tir 1961-1969 v.v Trong tat cd cac Cdng udc dd khdig cd bat cii mpt dieu khodn ndo ndi den vipc tir bd dieu udc quoctl. Nhu vay, quyen ty y tir bd dieu udc qudc tl cd nghia A tuy dieu udc khdng cd cdc dieu khodn ve vipc cham diit hipu Ire, tir bd hodc Id nit khdi dieu udc, nhung dieu udc qudc te dd cd hi; bj tir bd bdi mpt trong cdc ben cua dieu udc. CJ day nhit thiei phdi cd cdc dieu kien sau day: y djnh cua cdc thdnh vien diei urdc qudc te vd ddc diem cua dieu udc qudc te. Trong thyc te, cd; 1.0£ii dieu udc nhu vay thudng Id cdc dieu udc ve lien minh vd thie. Vipham dieu u&c quoc te Neu dieu udc qudc te song phuong bj vi pham, co :d dh chim diit dieu udc song phuang Id buy bd dieu udc qudc i ddi vdi ben cdn lai. Ddi vdi dieu udc qudc tl da phuong, cau trd Idi cho ;y vi pham dieu udc ndy Id mpt hdnh dpng tap the. Vi neu cd quic jgia vi pham dieu udc, thi cdc thdnh vien khdc cua dieu udc cd cuy/en thda thuan: hodc Id tam dinh chi todn bp hipu lyc cua diluutdc, hodc Id chi tam dinh chi timg phin, hodc Id chim diit qiun hp Tuyin tip cic dieu udc qu6c ti hi^n hinh. Xuit bin. XVI. Matxowa., 1957. tr. 343. 188
51. giiia dieu udc qudc te vdi quoc gia vi pham dieu udc, hoac la giura tat ca cac qudc gia thanh vien ciia dieu udc qudc te (Dieu 60 Cdng udc Vienna nam 1969 va Cdng udc Vienna nam 1986). Irong trudng hgp cy the ndo dd, viec tam dinh chi hieu lyc dieu udc qudc te cd the la hanh vi don phuang cua qudc gia bj thiet hiii (ni.m nhan) - thanh vien ciia dieu udc quoc te. Qudc gia bi thiet hiii cd the tam dinh chi toan bd hoac mpt phan hieu lyc ciia dieu U(ic qudc te giii'a quoc gia bj thiet hai vd qudc gia vi pham dieu udc Viec tam dinh chi hieu lyc cua dieu udc quoc te chi cd gia tri giiia qudc gia bj thiet hai va qudc gia vi pham, tiic la khdng anh hudng den cac qudc gia cdn lai. Dieu udc qudc te van cd hieu lyc doi vdi qudc gia bj thiet hai va giiira qudc gia bj thiet hai vdi cac thdnh vien Idiac ciia dieu udc qudc te (ngoai trir qudc gia vi pham). Cdc Cdng udc Vienna nam 1969 va Cong udc Vienna ndm 1986 da de cap den cac ndi dung quy djnh ve ban chat ciia vipc vi pham dieu udc qudc te, dd la: a) Viec tir chdi dieu udc quoc te trai vdi cac quy pham cua luat dieu udc qudc te; b) Vi pham cac dieu khoan la ndi dung co ban cd y nghia quylt dinh de thyc hien ddi tugng vd cdc muc dich cua dieu udc qudc te. Huy bo dieu u&c quoc te Huy bd dieu udc qudc cd the xay ra khi cac dieu udc qudc te dd dugc ky kit trai luat. Cac loai dilu udc dugc ky ket trdi luat dd ton tai trong thyc tien quan he qudc tl. Ching ban nhu cdc dieu udc qudc te dugc ky ket trong cac giai doan ciia cdc cudc cdch mang, nhu cdch mang Phdp ndm 1789, Cdch mang thdng 189
52. Mudi Nga ndm 1917 vd cdch mang Vipt Nam ndm 1945 vd ndm 1975. Dilu dd da dugc minh chiing bing cac tuyen bd cua chinh quyln sau khi cdch mang thdnh cdng. Vi dy, sau Cdch m^g thdng Tdm ndm 1945, Vipt Nam tuyen bo hau bet cdc dieu u6c qudc tl ma Phdp ky ket nhan danh Vipt Nam Id dieu udc vd hi§u vd chinh thiic tuyen bd chim dut cdc dieu udc nd djch giira Vi^t Nam vd Phdp nhu: Hipp udc ngdy 05/6/1862; Dieu udc ngdy 15/3/1874; Hipp udc ngdy 06/6/1884. Cdc hipp udc dd dugc ky kit giflra Viet Nam vdi Phdp nhim thiet lap chi dp bdo hp ddi vdi Viet Nam. Hipp udc md Phdp ky vdi Trung Qudc nhan danh Vipt Nam - Dilu udc Nam Ninh ndm 1930 md theo dd Phdp cho ph^p chuyen gia Tnmg Qudc dugc ty do di lai tren Ddng Duong khdng phy thugc vdo nghe nghipp, ITnh vyc boat dpng xd hpi vd cd ddc quyen nhu ngudi nude ngoai khdc'; vd Hipp udc Tokyo Phdp ky vdi Nhat Bdn ngdy 06/5/1941 md theo dd Nhdt Bdn cd quyln sir dyng cdc hdi cdng vd cdc dudng giao thdng lien l?c d Ddng Duong ciing la nhung dieu udc vd hipu. Sau Cdch m?mg thdng Mudi ndm 1917, nhd nude Xd viet ciing dd tuyen bd xda bd tit cd cdc dilu udc qudc te md Nga Hoang da ky kit vdi cdc quoc gia phuong ddng vd mpt sd cdc qudc gia khdc. Vi dy nhu cdc dieu udc Nga Hodng ky ket vdi Tho Nhl Ky, Apganixtan, Trung Qudc, Nhat Bdn vd vdi Hoa Ky v.v .^. Lien quan den vipc cham diit dieu udc quoc te chiing ta can chu y din cdc thu tyc cd tinh nguyen tie sau day: Nguyen Huu Tru. Quelques problemes de Succession d'Etats concemant le Vietnam. Bruxelles, 1970. P. 168. BejibflMHHOB P.M. FIpaBonpeeMCXBO Mevuny PoccHHcKoft OeaepaiuieH H PoccHflcKofi HMnepnefl, MoitnyHapoflHMe H BHyxpcHHue acneicTw// MHCMO. 1998, X3 3. - C. 22-26. 190
53. 1) Qudc gia can giri van ban de thdng bdo ve viec cham dut hipu'luc dieu udc qudc te. Vi dy, tai Dieu 9 Hipp djnh ve Hgp tac kinh te vd ky thuat giira Cgng hda xa hdi chu nghia Viet Nam vd Chinh phu Hgp chiing qudc Hoa Ky ky ket ngay 22/6/2005 cd quy djnh ring: "Hipp djnh ndy cd the bj cham dOrt hipu lyc sau 120 ngdy, ke tir ngay mpt ben nhan dugc thdng bdo bdng vdn bdn cua ben kia ve vipc cham dirt hieu lyc "'; 2) Neu trong thdi ban ba thdng, khdng cd thanh vien ndo phdn ddi ve vipc cham diit hieu lyc ciia dieu udc dd, thi hipu lyc cua dieu udc qudc te (da phuong) dugc cham dirt ddi vdi qudc gia da giri thdng bdo ve viec cham diit hieu lyc dieu udc qudc te ddi Vdi minh; 3) NIU cd sy phdn ddi ciia cdc ben - thdnh vien dilu udc, thi s6 dp dyng cdc bien phap de gidi quyet tranh chap dd thdng qua cdc phuong phdp hda binh; 4) Neu tranh chap dd la tranh chap cd tinh chit phdp ly thi cd thi dugc gui tdi cdc co quan tu phdp qudc te vd trgng tdi qudc tl trong thdi ban 12 thdng. Thay doi cdn bdn ve hodn cdnh Thudng day Id co sd (hodc dieu kipn) de nit khdi dieu udc qudc tl. Ngudi ta gpi theo tilng Latinh Id rebus sic stantibus. Hay ndi rndt cdch khdc, dd Id hinh thurc ghi nhan luan chung vl khd ndng khude tir dieu udc qudc te khi cd sy thay ddi ve hodn cdnh. Sy thay ddi cdn ban cdc dilu kipn thudng dya vdo cdc cdn cir: dieu udc quoc tl cd hipu lyc vd rang budc vdi cdc ben cho den khi nhiing Cdng bio s6 14-14- 10-2005; s6 15- 14-lO-2005.tr. 110. 191
54. hodn cdnh chua thay ddi, tiic Id cdn nguyen cdc dieu kien (hodc hodn cdnh) nhu ban dau khi qudc gia ky rdng budc vdi dieu udc dd. Dot nhien, mpt trong cdc ben dieu udc quoc te tuyen bo ve vifc cd sy thay ddi cdn ban vd bat ngd nhirng hodn cdnh so vdi thdi diem ky ket vd can nit ra khdi dilu udc quoc tl dd. Do dd, qudc gia tuyen bd "Clausula rebus sic stantibus" - "bdo luu (tuyen bd) ve sy thay ddi cdn ban cdc dieu kien so vdi khi ky". Khdng phdi ngau nhien md cdc luat gia - luat qudc te cho rdng day Id mpt hinh thiic thuan lgi de cdc ben dieu udc qudc te cd the trdn tranh thi hdnh cdc cam ket dieu udc. Bdi vi, dya vdo dd cdc ben cua dieu udc ludn cd ly do de ndi ring dieu udc chua thich hprp, khdng cd lgi vd nit khdi dieu udc bat ky liic naol. Chliih vi khd khdn ndy md trong quan he dieu udc qudc te sau ndy ngudi ta da thdng nhat ban hanh cdc nguyen tic nhu: ty nguyen thyc hipn cdc cam ket qudc te vd dieu udc qudc te can phdi dugc tuan thii. Nhung trong hoan cdnh ndo thi dugc xem la cd sy thay ddi cdn ban? va trong hodn cdnh ndo thi sy thay ddi cdn bdn dd dugc chap thuan? Chiing ta cd the ggi ra ten nhirng dieu kien thay ddi cdn bdn ndy hodc nhiing hodn cdnh thay ddi cdn ban khdc, nhung tit cd nhiing "thay doi cdn bdn ve hodn cdnh" dd van cdn la ddi tugng tranh luan trong luat dieu udc qudc te. Vi du nhu: sy thay ddi chinh phu; chien tranh; cdc cupc cdch mang; vi cdc lgi ich t6i cao; vipc thay ddi quy che phdp ly qudc tl cua mpt trong cdc ben dieu udc^; hodc Id mpt qudc gia mdi gianh dgc lap vd tuyen bd 3. X. ^e Apenara. YKaa. con. - C. 113. ^ Kypc Me)iyiyHapoflHoro npasa. B 7 xoMax. TOM. IV . M., 1990. - C. 79. 192
55. bdi hd cdc dieu udc thugc dja dd dugc ky ket trong thdi ky bj dd hg (cdc dieu udc ciia cac qudc gia chinh qudc - qudc gia dd hd) . Chiing ta cd the trich dan mgt vdi vi dy minh chiing cho luan cai tren. Thdng 12/2001, Tdng thong Hoa Ky dd don phuong tuyen bd nit khdi Dieu udc ve ban che he thdng phdng thu ten Ilia dugc ky ket giura Lien Xd vd My ngdy 26/5/1972. Ly do md phia Hoa Ky dua ra chi don gian la vi an ninh qudc gia ciia Hoa Ky dd trd nen yeu kem (tire Id de bj tdn thuang). Trong trudng hgp cy the ndy rat cd the Hoa Ky da vien dan theo Dieu 15 ciia Dieu udc ve ban che he thdng phdng thii ten lira da dugc ky ket giira Lien Xd vd My ndm 1972, vi Dilu 15 quy dinh: "Moi ben theo nguyen tic nhdm thyc hien chii quyen qudc gia ciia minh cd quyt'n nit ra khdi Dieu udc ndy, neu mgt trong cdc ben quyet dinh rdng cd nhirng hoan canh ddc biet lien quan den npi dung ciia Dieu udc ndy de dpa den lgi ich tdi cao cua hg"^. Cac Cdng udc Vierma nam 1969 vd Cdng udc Vierma ndm 1986 ve luat dieu udc qudc te da khdng cdng nhan bdo luu ve sy thay ddi co bdn hodn canh. Dieu ndy lien quan den khi ky ket dieu udc qudc tl. Cdng udc Vierma ndm 1969 vd Cdng udc 3 X.fle Apenara iwxHpyex . Ainaao: «K>pncxt>i, BocnnxanHbie B ayxe CBHuteHHUX xpaflHUHfi yaajKeHHH npHHUHna pacta sunt servanda H HenpHKocHoaeHHocxH aoroaopoa, HHCXHHKXHBHO HC npneMJUox XHxpocxH 3Toro npaaoBoro SMHJI, KaKHM Jiajuiexoi icnaysyjia rebus sic stantibus". VKa:!. C04.C.114; "OojiOMceHHe rebus sic stantibus - 3xo topaaHMecKaji lUHpMa, HcnojibsyeMajj rocyaapcxaaMH, Koxopue xoxjix aeHOHCHpoaaxb a Oi^HOCXopoHHCM nopsflKC MeuiaiouiHH HM ycxapeBuiHft aoroaop, HO HC Haxoiurr noaoAa juix 3xoro B ero xcKCxe"// Bya Zl«. Ceppe M(. AnnJioMaxHMecKHfl uepeMOHHaji H npoxoKOJi. M., 2003. - C. 277. Cd thi xem vin bin cua Dilu udc: fleflcxayiomee Me^KflynapoflHoe npaso. TOM2.M., 1997.-C. 528-532. 193
56. Vienna ndm 1986 dd quy dinh ring sy thay doi co bdn vl cdc dieu kien (hodn cdnh) da tdn tai khi ky ket dieu udc qudc te vd sy thay ddi dd cdc ben da khdng nhin thay trudc thi khdng thi vipn dan 1dm co sd de cham diit hipu lyc ciia dieu udc qudc tl ho^c nit khdi dilu udc dd (Dieu 62). Ddng thdi, cdc Cdng udc Vienna ndm 1969 vd ndm 1986 vl luat dilu udc qudc tl ciing da quy diiib ve trudng hgp ngoai Ip de dp dyng khi cd sy thay ddi ndi tren, tiic Id khi cd sy thay ddi co bdn ve hodn cdnh cdc ben dieu udc cd thi dugc vien dan neu: a) Sy ton tai hodn cdnh dd Id dilu kipn co bdn de cdc ben , tham gia dieu udc ddng y sy rdng bupc cua minh ddi vdi dieu udc; b) H? qua cua sy thay ddi co bdn hodn cdnh dd da lam thay ddi pham vi hipu lyc ciia cdc cam ket md cdc ben dang cdn thi hdnh theo dieu udc (Dieu 62). Vi vay, neu sy thay doi co ban ciia hodn cdnh md cdc ben dieu udc khdng nhin thay trudc da phd vd dieu udc (co sd ben trong dilu udc), bd sung them cho nd mpt djnh hudng khdc, Uii vipc thyc hipn tiep theo dieu udc quoc te dd da khdng cdn y nghia (hodc trd thdnh vd nghia). Trong trudng hgp nhu vay thi can thilt phdi cham diit hipu lyc dieu udc hodc vipc nit khdi dilu udc dd dd khdng cdn Id vin di tranh luan (vi da trd nen qua rd rang)'. Cdng udc Vienna ndm 1969 dd cd quy djnh vl vipc cam vipc dp dyng Clausula rebus sic stantibus trong quan hp ddi vdi cdc dilu udc quy djnh ve bien gidi quoc gia. Ddng thdi, cdc qu6c THyHOB O.H. ripHHUHn floSpocoaecxHoro cofijnoaeHHa Me)imyHapo.nHMx o6)i3axejibcxa H AOKxpHHa rebus sic stantibus. //CosexcKHfi ewero/lHHK MCJitayHapoflHoro npasa. 1978. M., 1980. - C.107. 194
57. gia khdng co quyen vien dan, neu hoan cdnh dd dugc tao ra cd chii djnh (hoac cd y) vdi myc dich de cham dut dieu udc qudc te. Tiep theo la ddi vdi qudc gia - xam luge khdng cd quyen vien dan quy tic nay de trdn tranh vipc thyc hien cdc dieu kien quy djnh ve trach nhiem ciia minh vi hdnh vi xam luge. Ddi khi, trong thyc tien quan he giira cdc qudc gia xuat hien ly do khac nhu sy khude tir, khdng cho quyen phdn ddi. The nhan mat quyen vien dan cdc sy kipn ndo dd vdo trong luan chiing cho cdc yeu sdch cua minh. 2. T^m dinh chi hipu lyc dieu vr&c quoc te Dieu udc qudc te cd the bi tam dinh chi phii hgp vdi cdc dieu klioan cua dieu udc qudc te vd vdi sy ddng y ciia cdc thdnh vien tham gia dieu udc. Tiun dinh chi hieu lyc cua dieu udc qudc te ciing cd the dugc hieu Id dimg tam thdi hieu lyc cua dieu udc hodc dimg tam thiri viec dp dyng dieu udc qudc te. Bdn chat ciia giai doan nay la cac ben ciia dieu udc qudc te khdng bi rang huge vdi dieu udc qudc te dd, tiic la khdng phai thyc hien cdc cam ket vdi nhau ve quyen va nghia vy da dugc ghi nhan trong dieu udc qudc te. Cdc cdng trinh khoa hgc phdp ly qudc te ciing dd ghi nhan, tuy khdng nhieu, nhung cd nhirng trudng hgp dieu udc quoc te bi "bd quen" hodc ggi theo mgt cdch khdc la dieu udc qudc te dd hi "rod vdo im lang" den hang trdm nam. Mac dii, ve hinh thiic, dieu udc quoc te nay chua chdm dirt hipu lyc phdp ly nhung trong thyc tien da tir rit lau cdc dieu udc dd khdng dugc dp dyng. Dieu dd khong cd nghia Id dieu udc qudc te da bj buy bd hodc chim diit tuyet doi hipu lyc cua nd, vi khdng loai trir khd ndng dp dyng 195
58. dieu udc dd trong tuong lai. Tiic Id, rnpt ben bat ky ciia dieu u6c, cd the sau nhilu ndm "nhd" den dieu udc, bode cd the trong bdi cdnh ndo dd vipc dp dyng nd Id cd lgi cho qudc gia minh thi dilu udc dugc tiep tyc dp dyng. Ching h^ nhu, khi Tda dn qu6c te Lien hgp qudc xem xet vy tranh chap giiia Anh vd Phdp vl cdc ddo d Mdng-so vdo ndm 1953 (giira the ky XX), Tda dn qut>c te da vipn dan den cdc dieu udc qudc tl dd dugc ky kit giiia Anh vd Phdp vdo cdc ndm 1259, 1360 vd 1420 (tiic Id cdc dilu udc do dd dugc ky kit vdo thi ky XIII, XIV vd diu thi ky XV); hodc Id Dieu udc Lien minh Chinh tri - Thuong mai dd dugc ky kit giiia Anh vd Bd Ddo Nha vdo ndm 1353 (giiia the ky XIV) vdi thdi ban Id 50 ndm. Sau khi bet thdi ban, dilu udc ndy dugc gia h^n mgt so lan vd cudi cimg Id gia ban khdng xdc dinh thdi ban. Nhu vay, vl mdt hinh thiic dieu udc qudc tl nay chua bj buy bd, tire Id chua cham diit hipu lyc. Trong The chiln thii hai (the ky XX, tiic Id gan 600 ndm sau), ngudi Anh da vien dan vdo ndi dung ciia dieu udc qudc te ndy de cd quyen thyc hien tap trdn quan su dudi bien vd tren khdng d quan ddo A-xo cua Bd Ddo Nha'. Dieu udc quoc te cd the bi tam dinh chi tam thdi hieu lyc cua nd vi cdc ly do khdc nhau, ching ban nhu do chien tranh. Sau dd, dieu udc qudc te dugc khdi phuc lai hipu lyc. Cd thi tam dinh chi hipu lyc dieu udc qudc te vi sy vi pham dieu udc, do khdng cd khd ndng thyc hipn dugc dieu udc hodc cd xuat hien sy thay ddi cdn bdn nhiing hodn cdnh. Vi dy, ngdy 13/7/2007, Tdng thong Lien bang Nga dd ban hdnh Sic Ipnb "Ve vipc Lien bang Nga tam dinh chi hi$u lyc cua Hipp udc MHranea KD.H., KanaMKapjiH P.A. MoKaynapoAHoe npaao. 3KCM0, 2004.-C. 216-217. 196
59. qudc te ve cdc lyc lugng vu trang thong thudng tai chau Au (("FE) ngay 19/11/1990 va cac hiep udc quoc te lien quan vdi vi\n kien nay". Theo Lien bang Nga thi cdc hiep udc qudc te n;iy bi tam dinh chi vdi ly do: "Do hoan cdnh ddc biet lien quan den ndi dung ciia Hipp udc ve cdc lyc lugng vu trang thdng thuimg tai chau Au ngay 19/11/1990, dnh hudng den van de ve an ninh cua Lien bang Nga nen ddi hdi Lien bang Nga phdi thdiig qua cdc bien phap khan cap". Chiing ta cd the phan tich them ve vipc tam dinh chi cdc hiep udc tren cua Lien bang Nga theo ndi dung Dieu 62 Cdng udc Vienna ndm 1969 ve luat dieu udc qudc te, tiic la vi ly do "cd su thay ddi can ban ve hodn cdnh". Hiep udc qudc te ve cdc luc lugng vii trang thdng thudng tai chau Au dugc ky ket ngdy 19/11/1990 vd khdi ngudn tir sy hipn dien ciia hai lien minh quan sir - chinh trj ddi djch nhau la NATO vd khdi Hipp udc Warsaw. Hien nay ndi dung ciia CFE da qua Idi thdi vd khdng cdn phii hi.Tp vi tren thyc te khdi Hiep udc Warsaw da khdng cdn va Lien X6 cung dd cham dirt sy tdn tai. Trong khi dd, cdc nude dong minh cii ciia Lien Xd trudc day da gia nhap NATO. Rd rang Hipp udc qudc te ve cdc lyc lugng vu trang thdng thuimg tai chau Au theo hinh mau nam 1990 da khdng the ludng trudc dugc tat cd nhung thay ddi cdn bdn dd. Mac dii ndm 1999, Hipp udc sira ddi CFE da dugc ky ket, nhung vi nguyen do ndo dd nen Hiep udc sira ddi CFE van chua cd hieu lyc. Mat khac, do NATO da md rdng nen cdc nude thdnh vien khdi quan sy nay dd vugt khdi nhiing ban che dugc quy djnh trong Hipp udc qudc te ve cdc lyc lucmg vii trang thdng thudng tai chau Au cu ve sd lugng vii trang ciia lien minh quan sy - chinh trj. Nhu vay, day 197
60. chinh Id trudng hgp dp dyng ngi dung Dieu 62 Cdng udc Vierma ndm .1969 vl luat ailu udc qudc tl vdi ly do "cd sy thay doi cdn bdn ve hodn cdnh". Dilu udc qudc tl da phuong cd thi bi tam dinh chi hipu lyc theo thod thu$n giura mpt so qudc gia - thdnh vien nhat dinh nhimg vdi dilu kipn vipc dinh chi dd khdng Id dilu cim cua di^u udc quoc tl, khdng dnh hudng din quyln lgi cua cdc ben cdn lai, khdng trdi vdi doi tugng vd cdc myc dich dugc quy dinh trong dilu udc dd (Dilu 58 cua Cdng udc Vierma ndm 1969). 3. Tic dQDg cua chien tranh den dieu vr&c quoc te Chiln tranh Id dilu lodi ngudi khdng mong mudn. Nd khong chi tdc dgng tryc tilp din quan hp dilu udc qudc tl md cdn anh hudng din quan he hda binh vd hgp tdc giiia cdc quoc gia ndi chung. DI tdi chiln tranh vd tdc dgng ciia chien tranh den cdc dilu udc quoc tl da dugc nhieu nhd khoa hgc - luat quoc tl nghien cuu'. Trong luat qudc te hipn dai khdng cd cdc quy pham ' /^ypfleHeBeKHfi B.H. floBoenHwe aoroBopu nocjie BOKHBI// CfH. 1947. Ks 1; THyHOB O.H. HpHHUHn flo6pocoBecxHoro codJuoaeHHs MOnnyHapoflHux o6a3aTe.ni>cxB H neficxBHC aoroaop B cjiynae BoenHoro KOHtfiJiHKTa// BecxHHK MocKOBCKoro yHHBepcHTCTa. (CepHK 11. ripaBo). M., 1979. Ns 2; JLixc M. MHorocxopoHHHe Aorosopu. Bapuiaaa, 1958. C. 233; KocnapoB F. BoftHaxa H Me)KflyflT>p)KaBHHxe AoroBopu. CO<|)HJI, 1944; Hurst C. Effect of War on Treaties// British YBIL. Vol. 2. 1921- 1922; Dennis W. Effect of War on Treaties// AJIL. 1929. No. 2; McNair ^A. War and Treaties// Oxford Journal on World Affairs. No 37. 1940; Rank R. Einwirkung des Krieges auf die nichtpolitischen Snaansvertragc, Upsala, 1949; Haufinarm E. Die volkerrechtlichen Vorkriegsvetrage// ZaoRV. 1958. No 1-3; Mclntyre S. Legal Effect of World War II on Treaties of the United States. The Hague, 1958; Gialdini A. Gii effetti 198
61. dupe cdng nhan chung dieu chinh ve phuang phap thyc hien va chdm dirt cdc dieu udc qudc te trong giai doan chien tranh. Dieu dd da dugc minh chimg bing cdc nguyen tac co ban ciia luat qudc te hien dai. Dd Id cdc nguyen tic: khdng dimg vu lyc hodc de Upa diing vii lyc trong quan he qudc te; khdng can thiep vdo cdng viec ngi bd cua quoc gia khdc; quyen ty quyet cua cdc dan tgc; khdng xam pham bien gidi qudc gia; toan ven lanh thd vd ddc bipt quan trpng dd la nguyen tic binh ding chu quyen qudc gia. Ndi mpt cdch khdc, luat qudc tl hipn dai xem chiln tranh la tpi ac chong loai ngudi. Trudc day, ngudi ta cho ring chien tranh se 1dm cham diit hipu lyc cdc dieu udc qudc te giira cdc qudc gia thii djch. Nhung xung quanh van de nay cd nhieu quan diem khac nhau. F. Marten cho ring sy xuat hien chien tranh khdng 1dm cham dirt toan bd cdc quan hp giao udc giira cdc qudc gia thii dich'. A.N. Talalaev thi cho rdng trong cac the ky trudc da tdn tai nguyen tic, theo dd chien tranh giiia cac qudc gia se dan tdi vipc cham diit todn bd cdc dieu udc qudc te giiia hp. Nhung hien nay, nguyen tic dd da khdng cdn hieu lyc^. Trong Cdng udc Vienna ndm 1969 vd dclla Guen-a sui trattati. Milan, 1959; McNair A., Watts A. The Legal Effects of War. Cambridge, 1966; Paul V. Mezinirodni smlovy ve vilecnych pom6rech// Casopis pro mezinirodni privo. 1969. N° 4; Pienkos J. Wplyw wojny na obowianie umdw miedzynarodowych. Warszawa. 1973. Mapxenc O. CoapeMeHHoe Me)KayHapoflHoe npaao uHBHJiHaoBaHHbix Hapozioa. end., 1887. T.2. -C. 529. TajianacB AH. OpaBO Me)KflyHapoflHbix jioroaopoB. /leficxBHe H npHMCHeHHc aoroaopoa. - C. 210. 199
62. Cdng udc Vierma nam 1986 ve luat dieu udc qudc te khcng cd dieu khodn ndo quy djnh ve cdc van de cd lien quan den ditu u6c qudc te trong thdi chien. Hp qua cua cdc hdnh dpng chien tranh cd the Id nguyet nhan de chdm diit hodc tam dinh chi hipu lyc ciia cdc dieu udc qtdc te. Chien tranh la nguyen nhan de tam dinh chi hipu lyc ciia cd: dieu udc qudc te da phuong ddi vdi cdc ben tbzim chien'. Tu/ vay, trong giai doan chien tranh cdc ben cCing cd the ky ket vd nhau dieu udc qudc te nhu cdc dieu udc ve dinh chien (hodc igimg bdn). Vi du: Hipp dinh so bp giiia Vipt Nam vd Phdp dugc cy ket ngdy 06/3/1946; Hipp dinh Geneve ve Viet Nam ndm 195^ v.v Trong mpt sd cdc cdng udc da phuang cd cdc dilu khodr rieng quy djnh ve tdc ddng cua chien. tranh den hipu lyc cua cdc cdng udc. Vi du nhu trong Cdng udc vl chdng 1dm d nhiem bem tir dau ndm 1954 quy dinh rdng "trong trudng hgp chiln trani hio$c cdc hdnh ddng tuong ty chien tranh, Chinh phu qudc gia thidnh vien, bode bj tdc ddng, bode la ben tham chien, hodc la her tnmg lap, cd the tam dinh chi hipu lyc todn bd bode phin ndo (d ciia Cdng udc nay. Chinh phii tuyen bd tam dinh chi hieu lyc C-dng udc phdi lap tiic thdng bdo cho Uy ban bilt". Chinh phii :d the khdi phuc lai hipu lyc cua Cdng udc vdo bit ky thdi gim ndo (Dieu 19). Theo thdng le, chien tranh se 1dm cham diit biju lyc cua dilu udc qudc te song phuong vl thuong mai, ve tuoig trg, ve khdng xam pham lan nhau, ve thuy van v.v Vi dy, ca; cdilu udc qudc te ve hda binh ndm 1947 da quy dinh ve quyen cia imoi qudc gia lien minh vd lien quan thdng bdo cho qudc gia xan liugc trong mgt thdi ban xdc dinh vl cdc dieu udc quoc te s»ong ' Y kiln cua Tda in Anh// British YBIL. 1976-1977. P. 333. 200