Nghiên cứu thử nghiệm công nghệ tách vi sóng để xử lý nhũ tương dầu / nước trong nước thải nhiễm dầu ở Việt Nam

Nội dung text: Nghiên cứu thử nghiệm công nghệ tách vi sóng để xử lý nhũ tương dầu / nước trong nước thải nhiễm dầu ở Việt Nam

1. Nghien cuu thu nghiem cong nghe tach vi song de xu ly nhG tuong dau/nuoc trong nuoc thai nhiem dau o Viet Nam ThS. Le Thj Phu'ang Vien Diu khi Viet Nam ThS. Tran DLFC Minh Hoc vien Phdng khdng • Khdng quan Tom tit Nw&e thai nhiem dau bj nhu twang hoa la mot phan quan trgng eiia nw&e thai eong nghiep va dwgv sinh ra tir eae hoat dgng san xuat eong nghiep khac nhau, dae biet la nganh cong nghiep dau khi. Trong ngi dung bai bao nay, ehiing toi neu khai quat ve nw&e thai nhiim dau, cong nghe tach vi song, sir dung eong nghe vi song di taeh va thu hoi dau tip nw&e thai nhiim dau; qua trinh thiet ke, che tao thiet bj vi song di pha nhu twang trong nw&e thai nhiem dau; dong th&i mo ta kha day dii viec thir nghiem taeh nhu twang dau/nw&e bang phwang phap vi song dien tir va so sanh hieu qua thu dwg'C v&i phwang phap tuyen noi kit hg'p chat pha nhu. Thi nghiem eho thay phwang phap taeh nhu twang dau/nw&e trong nw&e thai nhiim dau bang phwang phap vi song dien tir eho kit qua rat tot, nhanh, tiet kiem va dap wng day du tieu ehuan moi trw&ng eua Viet Nam va khong thua kem cac phwang phap tach truyen thong khae. Dieu nay, m& ra then vgng eho viee su' dung edng nghe vi song trong viee tach va thu hoi dau tip nw&e thai nhiem dau & Viet Nam trong twang lai gan. DAU KHi-36 8/2010 47
2. AN TOAN - MOI TRUONG DAU KHi Ma dau - Mu'c dp nhu hda diu bj nhu hda trong nudc thai. Nude thai ndi ehung va nudc thai nhiim diu Sy phan bl kich thude gipt va trang thai nhu (NTND) ndi rieng la mdt trong nhirng tae nhan chinh tuang eho phep ehung ta lya chpn phuang phap tach. gay ra d nhiem mdi trudng ma thi gidi da va dang Van tic gipt va nong dp diu eho phep chung ta lya quan tam xir ly. Ol x(j/ ly va thu hdi diu trong nudc chpn kich thude heng ciia he thing va dy bao dugc thai nhiim diu (bao gom diu d dang nhu tuang sy van hanh eiia he thing ma ta lya ehpn. diu/nude) eae edng nghe sau da va dang dugc sir * Sw phan bd kich thw&c giot dung: Sy phan bl kich thude gipt trong NTND la ylu to - Cdng nghe tach vat ly dl quylt djnh din tinh hieu qua sy van hanh cua thiet - Cac phuang phap taeh hda hpe bj taeh dIu/nude eiia nude thai. Xac dinh sy phan bo kich thude gipt la de lya ehpn he thing tach bdi vi m6i - Cac phuang phap dien va vi sdng dien tir mdt kich thude gipt se cd sy van hanh khac nhau - Cae phuang phap vi sinh trong qua trinh tach ehung ra khdi nude. - Sir dung kit hgp cae phuang phap vdi nhau. Cac gipt diu khdng phai la cac hat that, dd chi la 1. Khai quat ve nu'O'c thai nhiim dau va cong nghe quy ude chung dl xir ly cac gipt rieng le ciia diu bj tach vi song phan tan trong nudc dudi dang cae hat hinh clu. Tuy thude vao dudng kinh eiia cac gipt ma chung dugc Ngay nay, thi gidi da quan tam va diu tu nhiiu chia ra thanh mpt trong bin loai sau day [2]: edng sire, tiin eiia dl phat thin cac cdng nghe x\j ly diu va nhu tuang diu trong NTND. Oac biet yeu clu - Vdi cac gipt dudng kinh Idn han hoae bing bao ve mdi trudng sing ciia con ngudi ngay cang cao 250/vm, diu duge tap hgp lai thanh dau ty do noi len nen gidi han ndng dp cac hydrocaebon trong NTND bl mat nude. dugc phep thai ra mdi trudng ngay cang nghiem khIc. - NhO'ng gipt diu cd dudng kinh tir 30pm din nho Tuy tu'ng quoe gia se dl ra cae gidi han thai cho heng han 250pm dugc coi nhu eae gigt diu dan gian. minh. 6" Viet Nam hien nay thi NTND phai dugc xir ly - Cae gipt diu cd dudng kinh tii' 1 din nhd han tdi ning dp eua diu, md 5ppm thi mdi dugc thai ra 30pm thi duge xem la nhu tuang diu. mdi trudng. Oil vdi cac hoat ddng diu khi d ngoai - Cac gipt diu cd dudng kinh nhd han 1pm thi bien thi ham lugng diu trong nudc thai phai dugc xa dugc coi la phin diu hda tan trong nude. ly din 15ppm cho khu vyc ndi thuy va 40ppm eho vung bien khai xa. DAUHbATAN 1.1. Cae dae trwng ehinh eiia NTND Cin phai hieu rang ban chit eiia nudc thai se quylt djnh sy lya chpn thilt bj taeh diu/nudc nao dugc SU' dung va cho phep chung ta dy doan hieu •^° Ol/dTNG KINH GIpT (\1 m) ^' nang cua thilt bj taeh dd. Mpt thiet bj dugc thilt ke dl tach diu ty do thi khdng thi dung dl tach dugc nhu Hinh 1. Mdi lien he giira duang kinh giot tuang dIu/nudc, ngugc lai se khdng cd hieu qua va va trang thai tdn tai ciia diu trong NTND tin kem rit nhiiu khi dung cae thilt bj tach nhu tuang % gipt dIu/nudc eho viec taeh diu ty do tir nudc thai [1]. 50 Cd 4 thdng sl cua NTND cho phep chung ta lya 40 chpn cdng nghe xu' ly diu (bao gim nhu tuang diu) • 30 ehinh xae eho bit ky loai nudc thai nao [1]. Bin thdng • • 20 so dd la: 10 _^ _•^ _•^ _•^ 0 —Oirtng kinh g((jl( urn) - Sy phan bd kich thude gipt diu. 30 60 90 120 150 - Van toe gipt. Hinh 2. Su lien he giira phin tram cac giot diu - Nong dp cua diu trong nude thai. theo duang kinh giot 48 DAU KHf - 36 8/2010
3. PETROVIETNAM Hinh 2 la dd thj chi sy tuang quan giii'a sl lugng cac gipt dugc sinh ra do sy chenh lech vl ty trpng cae gipt va phin tram ciia mdt trong nam kich thude heng giii'a diu va nudc. gipt eho mpt NTND quy \jpac. Ol thj nay eho ehung ta ol xac djnh ty trpng diu trong NTND thi dn phai cin quan tam tdi nhirng gipt diu d day tir 30 - 60pm, bilt loai dau nao tin tai trong nude thai. Thdng thudng nhung sl lugng eua eae gipt diu trong day kich thude trong nude thai tap hgp nhiiu loai diu khac nhau. thi khdng nhlt thilt phan anh thi tich eua dau trong Khi khdng thi bilt ehi tilt loai diu nao tin tai trong day dd. Cac gipt dau Idn chira nhiiu diu han cae gipt nudc thai thi ta cd the gia thuylt diu ton tai trong diu nhd vi thi tich diu la ham sl luy thira 3 eua nudc thai se cd ty trpng gan gilng vdi ty trpng ciia mpt dudng kinh gipt. O trong dl thj nay cung cho ta thiy trong cac chit nhu: Diu thd, diu dit Id, diu hda, sy biln doi cac gipt diu vdi phin tram eiia tong thi xang, benzen [2]. tich diu, diiu nay eho ehung ta hilu bilt thyc tiin han * NhO twang diu trong nw&c thai nhiim diu vl nudc thai. Nhu tuang la mot hon hgp cua hai chit Idng khdng * Van tdc giot thi trpn lin vdi nhau, trong dd cac hat nhd eua mot Trpng lye la ylu tl cd y nghTa sd 1 trong viec tach trong hai chat Idng nay (la pha phan tan) phan bl ben dIu/nude. Tieu chuin de xae djnh hieu qua cua he trong chit Idng khac (gpi la pha lien tuc). thing la 2 van tic. Van toe noi cua diu (V^j^) va van tic Nhu tuang trong cdng nghiep diu khi cd hai loai: ciia ddng NTND(Vn;j(yc.) kl^i nudc thai di qua buing tach. - Nhu tuang diu trong nudc (Oil in water - OW). 1 , - Nhu tuang nude trong diu (Water in oil - WO). Nhu tuang diu trong nude la dii tugng de cap Dau . eiia bai nay. Diiu vi ninVc Vi>l„ Uir&c • Nhu tuang dau trong nude dugc chia thanh 2 loai: Nhu tuang bin va nhu tuang khdng bin. —*"^3 - Nhu tuang bin: Nhu tuang dugc hinh thanh khi n^ Vn>»*6 «»» ed sy hien dien cua chit hoat dpng bl mat (nhu xa phdng, cae chit hoat ddng bl mat ) trong NTND Hinh 3. Biiu diin duang di ciia cac giot diu trong mdt hoae la nudc thai dugc hinh thanh d nhu'ng cdng budng luu ly tuang doan cd eae chuyin dpng rli manh. Khdng the tach diu trong nhu tuang bin ra khdi nude thai bing cac Tu van toe diu (V^iJ cd thi xac djnh thdi gian cdng nghe taeh ca hpe thdng thudng. Nhu tuang diu (T(J4U) cin thilt eho cac gipt diu noi len mat nudc hoae loai nay phai dugc pha nhu bing hda chit hoae bing din cae dTa ngung tu. Nlu thdi gian T^^u nho han thdi cac phuang phap dien, dien tir khac gian ciia nudc thai dugc luu trong thilt bj taeh (thdi - Nhu tuang khdng bin ed thi hieu dan gian la loai gian luu - Tnu,c,c)- Khi dd vl mat ly thuylt cac gipt diu nhu tuang ed thi tach diu ra khdi nudc thai bing cac se noi len mat nude va dugc thu gom. phuang phap ca hpe thdng thudng. Nhu tuang khdng Vn^,^,- bj chi phii bdi tic dp ddng (Q) va kich thude bin vi nhu tuang khdng duge on dinh do chit hoat vat ly buIng chinh ciia thilt bi tach gim: Chilu dai (L), ddng bl mat hoae do cae khuly dpng ca hpe manh va chilu rdng (W) va chilu cao (H). Thudng cac buIng thdng thudng nhO tuang khdng bin dugc tao thanh tu' chinh dugc thilt kl theo hinh chir nhat. cae hat diu Idn han so vdi nhu tuang bin. Van tic noi eiia cac gipt diu khi xuyen qua nudc Thdng thudng chung ta dn xac djnh loai nhu bj chi phii ehinh bai djnh luat Stocker. Ngoai ra cdn cd tuang nao tin tai trong NTND trudc khi dua ra quylt mdt sl mli lien he thu- dp eung anh hudng dang ke djnh sir dung he thing taeh nao dl taeh chung ra din van toe nli ciia gipt nhu sy khuly trdn, sy ngung khdi NTND. Vien Diu khi My da phat then mpt tu, viec thao cac chat rIn khdi buIng tach va cae phuang phap dl xac djnh nhu tuang hda va phin chuyin dpng Brown. hda tan eua diu trong NTND. Cd the tim phuang Thdng thudng y^ku la '^d^ ^am chinh eua djnh luat phap nay d tai lieu: "Determining of Suceptibility to oil Stocker, nhu'ng mli lien he nay lien quan tdi van toe Separation". Theo tai lieu nay thi mpt sd huong din DAU KHi - so 8/2010 49
4. AN TOAN - MOI TRUdNG DAU KHi sau day cd the giup ta nhan bilt trang thai ciia nhu * Nong dd diu trong nw&c thai nhiim diu [3] tuang dau trong nudc: Mpt trong cac each phan doan he thing tacii - NhO'ng gipt diu cd kich thude Idn thi nhu tuang dIu/nude ed hoat dpng tii uu khdng la khao sat nong it bin vO'ng. dp diu trong nude thai sau khi duge xir ly. Nlu nu'ac - Cae gipt diu ed dudng kinh nhd han 10pm thi se thai sau khi qua he thing xir ly cdn chira lugng dau tao ra nhu tuang bin ngay ea khi khdng cd sy hien han lOOppm thi ed thi coi he thing nay khdng dat yeu dien eiia chit hoat ddng bl mat vi nhO'ng gipt diu nhu du. Trong khi viec bilt nong dp diu trong nudc thai vay se nil len bl mat NTND vdi tic dp eye ky cham. da xir ly de phan doan kha nang van hanh ciia thiet bj thi viec bilt duge ning dp diu trong nude thai cin xi) - Nlu NTND duge lly miu va phan tieh lien tue se ly se giup ta ed nhu'ng quylt dinh quan trpng nhu can eho ta thdng tin ring kich thude cac gipt diu trong hay khdng dn cac thilt bj xir ly dae biet dl thu hoi dau NTND la khdng thay doi. Khi dd ta ed the khang djnh tu' nudc thai va nlu cau tra Idi la cd thi cd thi lya chgn nhu tuang eung se bin bit chip kich thude gipt diu thilt bj cu thi nao dl tham gia xir ly?. Idn hay nhd. Muln xac djnh ham lugng diu trong nude thi miu * Kha nang tich dien cua nhO twang dn phai giri tdi cac phdng thi nghiem chuyen nganh Giira eae mat phan each eua tit ea eae chit rIn va dl phan tieh. Cue mdi trudng My (EPA) dua ra hai chat Idng ton tai mdt dp chenh lech dien ddng hpe phuang phap de xae djnh ham lugng diu md va chat duge gpi la dien thi Zeta. Day la ylu tl ehinh lam cho beo (FOG) trong nudc thai: cae chit keo bin vO'ng. Neu them vao nhiiu ion da hda trj mang dien tieh ngugc chilu vdi eae hat keo thi - Xac djnh bang phuang phap khoi lugng (phuang se xay ra hien tugng phdng dien Zeta di kem vdi hien phap 413.1). tugng sa lang keo. - Xae dinh bing phuang phap hing ngoai (phuang phap 413.2). J Bo sung vao nudc thai cac ion ciia chit tao nhu se lam euln hut bl mat phan each dIu/nudc va truyin Viec lya chpn ap dung phuang phap phan tich dien tieh duang hay am eho moi gipt. Muc dp kit tu nao dl phan tich mau tuy thupc nhirng thdng so ta can eua eae gipt giam din khi lye day tTnh dien giira cac thu thap va yeu du ve dp chinh xac ciia cac gia trj mk\ hat tang len. ta dn cd. Cac gipt diu trong nhu tuang dIu/nudc thudng 1.2. Cong nghe taeh vi song de xw ly nhu tuvni tich dien am nhu dugc md ta d ly thuylt dien trudng dau/nw&e i 2 Idp. 6" trang thai nhu vay, cac gipt diu khi du'ng 1.2.1. Khai quat cdng nghe tach vi sdng canh hoae d rit gin vdi mat phan Idp cd tich dien ngugc chieu (dien duang) thi chung se duge slp xIp NhO'ng khai quat vl cdng nghe tach dugc trirr song song vdi mat phan each va tao nen Idp dien bay dudi day chii ylu tham khao tir san pham d$ trudng ddi, dd chinh la nguyen nhan de cae gipt diu quyin cua Cdng ty nghien eiru phat then thu hoi dl thudng dly lin nhau. khi Hoang Gia - IPRC (Houston - Texac, Hoa Kjf Cdng nghe taeh vi sdng da duge IPRC cho thi Thyc tien cho thiy viec phdng tranh sy tao thanh nghiem tai hien trudng cua Nha may Igc diu Torrance nhu tuang trong NTND se tit han la phat thin cac cdng ciia Exxon Mobil d California va dua vao sir dung trer nghe tach nhu hO'u hieu. Mpt each dl phdng hu'u hieu pham vi toan clu thong qua mdt hgp ding thuang m^ la giam thiiu tii da lugng NTND bi khuly trdn manh. Vi giO'a IPRC va Exxon - Mobil. Ngay nay cac thilt bj t^c it bj khuly trpn manh se it cd ea hdi tao ra nhO'ng gipt vi sdng da dugc Exxon - Mobil va cac cong ty dau kh diu ed kich thude qua nhd, dau se de dang taeh ra khac su' dung nhu la mpt trong cac phuang tien phi khdi NTND. Khi khong thi tranh dugc sy khuly trpn nhu chinh cua cdng nghiep diu khi. manh thi cung nen tranh sy hien dien ciia chit hoat ddng be mat trong NTND. Oilu nay cung cd nghTa se Nhu tuang dIu/nudc hoae nhu tuang nudc/dli» tao ra nhu'ng gipt diu cd kich thude Idn. cd sin trong diu va nudc thai d eae nha may Ipc ho 50 DAU KHI - 30 8/2010
5. PETROVIETNAM dau va trong nudc khai thae, trong diu duge khai thae. Oac dilm eua chung la ban diu nhu tuang tin tai vdi khii lugng nhd va de xCr ly, theo thdi gian ehung tieh tu lai, gia tang vl thi tich va viec xir ly chung se khd khan han. Nlu nhu tuang khdng duge xCr ly thi se dua tdi sy mit mat hydrocaebon va gay ra sy d nhiem nguln nudc thai. Ngoai ra nlu nhu tuang dIu/nudc di qua bl mat cac thilt bj thi chung se lam hu hdng hay tic nghen thiet bj dd. Nhu tuang cdn gay ra hien tugng an mdn va bao mdn thiet bj lam gia tang viec tieu thu nang lugng. Vi vay nhu tuang se lam gia tang viec bao tri va bao ^''^wilii dudng thiet bj. Chinh vi the, viec xir ly triet dl nhu tuang dIu/nude se dem lai Igi ich to Idn vl mdi trudng va nang lugng. Cac nhu tuang dau/nude thudng rat ben vQng va khd tach. Thdng thudng phai xir ly nhu tuang bing nhiet dp cao, bing hoa chit, bing cac ky thuat tach ca hpe truyen thing hoae bang viec kit hgp cac phuang phap nay vdi nhau (xem phin tong quan d tren). Thdng thudng gia thanh xa ly nhu tuang dIu/nudc kha tin kem nlu sir dung cac phuang phap xir ly da neu d tren. Cac thiet bj tach vi sdng van hanh lien tuc, gin nhu khdng dn giam sat va chung ed the van hanh ddng thdi vdi nhiiu ddng thai vdi ham lugng chat ran khac nhau. Thiet bj tach vi sdng vi vay ed thi canh tranh cd hieu qua vdi cac thilt bj tach truyin thing khac de xCr ly nhu tuang diu trong nudc thai cua edng nghiep diu khi. 1.2.2. Dac diim va tinh nang chinh cua cdng nghe tach vi sdng Cdng nghe taeh vi sdng eung dp mdt cdng nghe xir ly nhO tuang mdt each nhanh chdng vdi gia thanh ha. Nhung Igi ich ma edng nghe tach vi sdng dem lai eho ngudi sir dung cdn Idn han nhiiu so vdi chi phi phai bd ra vi: - Cai tiin dugc khau van hanh thilt bj; - Giam gia thanh; - Sinh Igi nhiiu, rut ngan thdi gian hoan von. Cdng nghe tach vi sdng khac biet vdi cac phuong phap tach thdng thudng khac vi chung sii' dung phuong phap vat ly DAU KHi - S6 8/2010 51
6. AN TOAN - MOI TRUdNG oAU KHI de pha vd sy bin vO'ng cua nhu tuang tit han so vdi phuang phap hoa hpe. Cdng nghe taeh vi sdng sir dung sy rung nhanh eiia trudng dien - dien tu" va mpt ai lye dl nap nang lugng lya chpn cho eae phin tir phan eye, ma chung ehinh la nguyen nhan tao ra sy Hinh 4. Sa dd bd phan chinh ciia he thiit bi tach vi sdng bin vO'ng cho cac bl mat phan each giira eae hat He thing edng nghe taeh vi sdng sir dung thiet dIu/nude. Oilu nay se giup be gly sy be virng ciia bj taeh vi sdng chuyen dung dl hpi tu vi sdng hoae nhu tuang dIu/nudc. nang lugng dai tin sl radio vao mdt nhu tuang va Cdng nghe taeh vi sdng cd the van hanh ty ddng pha vd sy bin vii'ng cua nhu tuang. Hinh 4 la sa dl hoan toan vdi quy trinh dan gian nen khdng nhlt thilt bp phan ehinh ciia thilt bj tach vi sdng. Vi sdng phai dn sy ed mat thudng xuyen eua nhan vien van duge tao ra tir mdt thilt bj phat vi sdng thuang mai hanh, vi thi se lam giam gia thanh xir ly ciia mdt m3 va duge dua qua mpt dudng truyln/dd sdng ty nudc thai nhiem diu. Dae biet thilt bj tach vi sdng ed ddng de tdi thilt bj tach vi sdng chuyen dung. Thilt thi de dang lap dat d nhiing nai kl can vdi nguon bj truyln/dd sdng ty ddng vi sdng duge thilt kl va phat sinh nhu tuang nen viee xCr ly nhu tuang se chi tao tir loai vat lieu cd dp phan xa eao, khdng nhanh chdng, de dang va diiu nay cdn dem lai nhiiu nhiim tu" va ed thi cho phep han 99% nang lugng Igi ich khac nira. duge truyin tu' may phat (vi sdng) tdi thilt bi tach vi Vi cac thilt bj taeh vi sdng cd the dat tryc tiip d sdng vdi nang lugng bj tieu hao hoae quay trd lai eae phan xudng cua cae nha may Ipe hoa - diu dl may phat la rit nhd. xir ly nhu tuang dIu/nude, diiu nay se giam thiiu NhO tuang ben dIu/nudc duge dan vao thilt bj khii lugng nhu tuang dugc tao thanh them nlu cac tach vi sdng, nai cd mpt cira so truyin din vi sdng thilt bj xir- ly nhu tuang thdng thudng khac duge dat cho phep nang lugng vi sdng di qua tu' may phat tdi d nhO'ng nai tach biet vdi cac phan xudng. nhu tuang dn xir ly. Nang lugng vi sdng duge hip 2. Thiet ke, che tao thiet bj thi nghiem pha nhu thu uu tien bdi cac vat lieu phan eye, diiu nay dugc tu'O'ng dau/nu'6'c cua nu'O'c thai nhiem dau tinh toan sao cho thilt bi tach vi sdng chi cd hieu qua 2.1. Cau tao va nguyen ly van hanh cua thiet bj duy nhlt trong viec xu" ly cae nhu tuang cdn nhiet dp pha nhu twang dau/nw&e bang vi song dien tir ting thi thi duge nang len d mdt chu'ng myc nao dd. Nang lugng vi sdng se lam thay dii sire cang bl mat Mdi he thing tach vi sdng bao gdm: va dp nhdt eua cac pha diu - nude va lam nhu tuang - Thilt bj tach vi sdng chuyen dung (da cd bing trd nen kem bin vO'ng. Nhu tuang kem bin vO'ng khi sang ehi); dd se dugc dua tdi bp taeh thdng thudng. Cac cdng - Ngudn phat vi sdng; nghe taeh thdng thudng dugc sir dung cho viec nay Trong mdt sl trudng hgp, viec taeh trpng lye binh - Ong dan sdng va bd dd sdng; thudng dugc sir dung. Ngoai ra cung ed thi dung - Thilt bj do va ty ddng hoa; cac phuang phap tach bo sung chang han nhu tach - May bam; ly tam, tuy nhien ddi khi dung phuang phap tach bo - Bp tach (nlu dn); sung qua manh s§ gay hieu qua xlu din phuang - Quan trae an toan & he thdng ty ddng ket noi. phap tach vi sdng [5]. 52 OAU KHI - so 8'2010
7. PETROVIETNAM Cdng nghe taeh vi sdng dung nang lugng dien tir tach nhu tuang diu nudc din 99 phut. d tin sl 915 MHz. Do dae tinh heng vl dien va tir, - Nhiet dp thi nghiem: La kha nang diiu chfnh edng nghe taeh vi sdng se hip thu uu tien dii vdi nhiet dp eua mau thir nghiem ma thilt bj taeh ehung pha nudc phan eye han la pha diu khdng phan eye. tdi cd thi tao ra. Nhiet dp mau nudc thai thir nghiem Cung eung vdi nhirng ly do d tren ma nang lugng cang cao thi thudng viec tach nhu tuang dIu/nudc dien tu' nay cung chpn Ipc manh me dl lam gia tang trong miu cang hieu qua. Tuy nhien trong thyc te, cudng lye cua cae phan tir phan eye, cac nhdm viee xae djnh nhiet dp thich hgp cua mau nudc thai chirc va cac chit rIn tieh dien, chung chinh la tae khi tiin hanh taeh vi sdng cdn phu thupc vao tinh nhan giup eho viec on djnh bl mat phan each eua kinh te cua qua trinh taeh. Cd nghTa la thiet bj tach nhu tuang dIu/nudc. Sy ehuyen dpng gay ra tir cac chi dn dua nhiet dp miu nude thai len d mot nhiet chit hoat ddng bl mat trong trudng dao ddng dien dp vii-a phai de it tin kem nang lugng tieu thu ma tu' la nguyen nhan lam thay doi sire cang bl mat va van dam bao hieu qua tach la du. Thilt bj tach ma lam cho nhu tuang trd nen kem ben viing. Nhu da chung tdi chi tao ed the diiu khien nhiet dp mau dl cap d tren, viec gia tang nhiet dp tong thi eua cae nude thai thir nghiem tu' nhiet dp mdi trudng len din chit thudng d 50°F hoae thip han, cdn nhiet dp ben 100°C. ngoai duge giir d dudi 200°F. Thilt bj duge van hanh d ap suit thip 20 - 50psig. Ol tang cudng tinh - Cdng suit ciia thilt bj: La edng suit eua may hieu qua va mire dp linh hoat cua cae thilt bj tach vi phat nang lugng vi sdng va la mpt thdng sl quan sdng, eae thilt bj nay khi hoat ddng d hien trudng cd trpng anh hudng din hieu suit tach diu eiia thilt thi kit hgp sir dung vdi cae phuang tien djch vu bi. Do viec chi tao thiet bj nhIm muc dich thi chung nhu dien, nudc lanh, ddng hai nhiet, khi nita, nghiem nen thilt bi cua chung tdi cd 3 mire cdng khdng khi nen d cae nha may Ipc hoa diu hoae suit cd thi van hanh khi thir nghiem la 0,5 KW, 1,0 cac ca sd san xult, nai ma he thing taeh vi sdng KW va 1,5 KW. dugc lip dat va van hanh. 3. ThCc nghiem tach nhu tu'ang dau/nu'6'c bang vi song dien tif va Phu'O'ng phap tuyen noi ket hgp Cac thilt bj tach vi sdng cdn dugc trang bj mpt chat pha nhu he thing kilm tra toan dien va he thing taeh vi sdng ed thi dugc giam sat tir xa bdi nhan vien van hanh 3.1. Thir nghiem thilt bj. 3.1.1. Khao sat hieu suit tach diu cua thiit bi tach vi 2.2. Xae djnh eae thong so van hanh eua eong sdng nghe - Hieu suit tach diu: P% = lugng diu {mg/l da Sau khi thilt bj tach vi sdng da dugc chi tao tach) X 100% lugng (mg/l ban diu). hoan chinh vl mat ea khi, dien va dien tu' thi vin dl Cae mau nhu tuang diu trong nude dua vao cdn lai la xac djnh cae thdng sl van hanh ciia thilt bj thilt bj tach vi sdng dl thir nghiem kha nang taeh ma ta ed the diiu khiin trong qua trinh thu' nghiem eiia thilt bi. Sau dd tiin hanh xac djnh ham lugng tach cae miu nude thai cd chira nhu tuang diu - diu cdn lai bing phuang phap phan tich quang pho nudc sau nay. tir ngoai. Theo tai lieu tham khao va dya vao nguyen ly van Cd 4 thdng sl ehinh sau day se dugc dua vao hanh ciia edng nghe tach vi sdng thi 3 thdng sl ky thi nghiem de khao sat kha nang tach diu cua thiet thuat sau day ciia thilt bi la ed anh hudng nhiiu nhlt bj taeh vi sdng: doi vdi qua trinh taeh nhO tuang diu nude cua thilt - Thdi gian tach (giay); bj ma Chung ta dn quan tam. Cac thdng sl dd la: - Nhiet dp (OC); - Thdi gian tach: Day la ylu to anh hudng manh - Cdng suit ciia thilt bj tach vi sdng (KW); tdi hieu suit tach diu ciia thilt bj. Thilt bj taeh vi -pH. sdng ma ehung tdi ehi tao ed thi thyc hien qua trinh DAU KHt - 36 8/2010 53
8. Hl^u suit tich diu theo thM gian 60 70 ol khao sat cae thdng sd thi nghiem nham xae Th6f gian (s| djnh chi dp lam viec toi uu, ehung tdi cl djnh ham Do thj 1. Hieu suit tach diu ciia thiet bi tach vi sdng lugng diu trong nude thai d ning dp 150mg/l. Day la va thai gian tach ning dp ma he nhu thudng bin nhat d NTND cua cac nha may Ipe hda diu [4] va viee khao sat sy phu thupc * Khao sat hieu suit tach diu phu thude vao cdng giua hieu suit tach diu eua thilt bj tach vi sdng vdi suit cua thiit bi ndng dp dau trong nude thai se dugc thyc hien rieng Hieu suit tach diu phu thude vao edng suit cua biet va se dugc trinh bay d phin tiip theo. Ngoai ra thilt bj tach vi sdng duge trinh bay d Ol thj 2. the tich mau nude thai (gia dinh) dl thi nghiem cl djnh d the tieh 200ml. Hl^u suAttAch dAu tti«o cAng suAt ol khao sat sy lien he giO'a hieu suit taeh ciia thilt bj taeh vi sdng vdi 4 thdng sl neu tren chung tdi se cl djnh 3 thdng sd va thay dii mdt thdng sd dn khao sat eu thi. - Khao sat sy lien he eiia thdi gian tach vdi hieu suit tach, ehung tdi el djnh: pH = 7, nhiet dp = 550C, cdng suit taeh = 1,5 KW cdn thdi gian taeh dugc thay doi tir 30 - 75 giay. C«na *^t (KWn - Dl khao sat sy lien he giO'a cdng suit taeh eua Do thj 2. Hieu suit tach diu phu thude vao cdng suat ciia thiit bi tach vi sdng thiet bj vdi hieu suat taeh chung tdi phai cd djnh: pH - 7, nhiet dp = 550C, thdi gian 40 giay, cdn cdng suit taeh dugc thay doi tu' 0,5 - 1,5 KW. * Khao sat hieu suit tach diu phu thude nhiet do - Sy lien he giiia hieu qua taeh vdi nhiet dp thi Hieu suit tach diu phu thupc vao nhiet dp ciia ehung tdi cl djnh cdng suit eiia thilt bj taeh la bing thilt bj tach vi sdng dugc trinh bay d Dl thj 3. 1,5 KW, thdi gian la 40 giay, pH = 7, cdn nhiet dp eua Hi«U su At tdc h d^u theo ntil^ dO nude thai chira diu duge thay doi tir 35 - 80^0. £ 1 ; Va dl khao sat mdi lien he giO'a hieu suat tach cua •<=• aa.a thilt bj vdi pH eiia nude thai thi nghiem chung tdi cl t djnh cac thdng sl: Cdng suit eiia thilt bj tach 1,5 KW, nhiet dp cua mau nude thai thi nghiem la 550C, thdi 94 gian tach giu' cl djnh d 40 giay va pH eua mau nudc 92 1 1 thai thir nghiem dugc thay doi til' 6,0 - 8,0. * Khao sat hieu suat tach dau phu thude thai gian Tu'ong qiian giu'a hieu suit taeh diu cua thilt bj Do thi 3. BiSu diSn hieu suat tach diu phu thuoc vao tach vi song va iho i gian tach dugc trinh bay d Od thj 1. nhiet do cua thiSt bi tach vi song
9. PETROVIETNAM * Khao sat hieu suit tach diu phu thude vao pH cua thiet bi tach vi sdng da chi tao thi ngoai cae Do thj 4 di kem bieu dien hieu suit taeh diu tir nghien cu'u mli tuang quan giO'a tinh hieu qua taeh NTND ciia thilt bj tach vi sdng vdi dp pH eiia nude thai. diu ciia thilt bj taeh vi sdng vdi cac thdng sl nhu: Cdng suit eiia thilt bj taeh, thdi gian tach, dp pH va Hlf u suit tAch diu theo pH nhiet dp eua nudc thai thi nghiem da duge nghien eiru thi nghiem va cho chung tdi lya chpn duge 4 kit qua tuang u'ng vdi 4 thdng sl tren tuang quan vdi hieu qua taeh diu tii uu ciia thilt bj tach vi sdng. Nghien cuu thir nghiem dl khao sat hieu qua tach dau ciia thilt bj taeh vi sdng vdi cae vung ning dp diu chira trong nudc thai thi nghiem. ol thyc hien thi nghiem nay ehung tdi cl djnh cac thdng sl thir nghiem sau: - Thdi gian taeh 40 giay; - Nhiet dp thi nghiem 55°C; Do thi 4. Hieu suat taeh dau tu NTND cua thiet bi -Cdng suit thilt bj 1,5 KW; tach vi sdng vol do pH -pH = 7. Nhan xet kit qua thi nghiem [1]: Bin thdng sl cl djnh nay tuang irng hieu qua taeh Qua khao sat thi nghiem thu duge thi hieu suit diu tii uu eua thilt bj tach vi sdng. Va thi tich miu tach diu eua thilt bj tach vi sdng dat hieu qua tii uu nudc thai thir nghiem van giii' 200ml cho mpt lin thir d eae dieu kien thi nghiem sau: nhu eae thir nghiem d phin tren. Rieng vdi ning dp diu (dang nhu tuang diu) d trong miu nudc thai thir - Thdi gian taeh 40 giay; nghiem dugc thay doi tu' 20 - 470mg/l vdi mire thay - Nhiet dp thi nghiem 55°C; dii la 10mg/l eho mdi mau nudc thai each biet va nhu -Cdng suit thilt bj 1,5 KW; vay ehung ta se cd 46 miu nude thai chira diu vdi - pH = 6. cac ning dp khac nhau eho thir nghiem nay. Tit ea cae mau nudc thai thi nghiem nay sau khi thyc hien Rieng vdi pH, d diiu kien pH = 6,0 thi hieu qua viec tach diu bing thilt bi taeh vi sdng thi diu dugc tach diu ciia thilt bj cd eao han dieu kien pH = 7,0. Vi dua qua thilt bj tach phu trg la ly tam. Sau dd miu trong diu md cac hgp chit oxy hda la cac chit hoat nudc thai thi nghiem duge chuyin qua bd phan phan ddng bl mat ty nhien mang ban sic nhu cac nhdm tich dl phan tich ham lugng diu trong nudc thai. eaeboxylic (RCOO', OH"), khi thay dii pH se din din thay dii hoat tinh bl mat eiia nd. Cac nhdm nay khi d Dl thj 5 bilu diln hieu suit tach diu ciia thilt bj mdi trudng kilm thi thi hien rd net cac tinh chit eiia tach vi sdng phu thude vao ham lugng diu eua nude chit hoat ddng be mat. Khi mdi trudng chuyin vl vung thai dugc xa ly. axit han thi hoat tinh bl mat cua nd giam di va cd the Hi^usu^ttich diu theo n6ng d$ mit hIn. Tuy nhien trong thyc tl khi xir ly nude thai nen dua vl mdi trudng trung tinh de tranh phirc tap 100 cho thilt bj xir ly va d nhiim bae 2 vi vay ehpn pH = 7. * Khao sat mdi twang quan giO'a hieu suit tach diu Z —••••> cua thiit bi tach vi sdng v&i ham Iwgng diu (dang nhO 94 2 twang diu/nw&c) trong nw&c thai S 92 Nghien ciru cac dac trung cua NTND thi nong dp 90 0 100 120 200 280 300 400 500 diu trong nude thai la mdt thdng sl quan trpng de NAng(50dlu/ra.rt'c(mg/l) nghien cu'u, danh gia hieu qua tach va thu hoi diu cua bit ky loai thilt bj nao du la ea hpe, hda hpe hay vat Do thj 5. Hieu suit tach diu ciia thiit bi tach vi sdng ly Vi vay dl nghien cu'u va danh gia hieu qua taeh phu thuoc vao ham luang diu DAU KHi - S6 8/2010 55
10. AN TOAN - MOI TRUdNG DAU KHI Nhan xet kit qua thi nghiem: - Cac NTND nlu duge xij ly phin can va cac tap Hieu suit taeh diu cua thilt bj taeh vi sdng dat chit ea hpe khac mpt each triet de thi sau khi xu ly hieu suit taeh rit tit dii vdi nude thai cd ham lugng ham lugng diu bing ky thuat vi sdng, ta ed the tai diu tu' 20 - 470mg/l. Hieu suit tach thip nhlt la sir dung nudc thai qua xir ly nay vao muc dieh khac 94% va hieu suit cao nhlt dat tdi 98,5% (day la kit nhu nude tuIn hoan hay nudc lam mat va dac qua thanh cdng ngoai mong dgi). Tir kit qua khao biet nhii'ng nai cd nguln nudc thai Idn thi lugng sat mli tuang quan giO'a hieu suit tach diu ciia diu thu hii dugc tir ky thuat tach vi sdng la dang ke, thiet bj tach vi sdng vdi ning dp diu (dudi dang nhu gdp phin vao viec tang Igi nhuan eiia ea sd cd tuang hda) ed thi khing djnh: nguln nudc thai. - Sir dung thilt bi tach vi sdng kit hgp vdi - Nhirng kit qua thu dugc va trinh bay d day phuang phap tach phu trg khac ma cu thi d day diu duge thi nghiem eho eae mau nudc thai thir chung tdi sir dung phuang phap ly tam, ta cd thi nghiem dan thuin 2 pha nudc va diu. Trong thyc hoan toan xa ly nudc thai chira diu vdi ning dp dau tl, cac miu nudc thai cdn chira cae chit rIn, can la trong nudc thai ban diu dat tdi 500mg/l dat tieu Iirng va nhieu tap chit khac. NhO'ng tap chit nay ed chuin thai cho NTND d vung bien xa bd. Do han thi tac ddng va lam giam phin nao hieu qua taeh che vl thdi gian va kinh phi nen thi nghiem nay ehi cua thilt bj tach vi sdng. Tuy nhien, sy anh hudng dung d ning dp diu trong nude thai tii da 470mg/l cua cac tap chit neu tren se khdng lam anh hudng va ning dp diu tuang irng trong miu nudc thai sau Idn din hieu qua, kit qua khao sat da thu duge. Vi khi xa ly chi cdn 23,47mg/l, each kha xa tieu chuan vay nhO'ng nhan xet neu tren la khdng thay dii. thai cho phep 40mg/l, cd nghTa vdi miu nudc thai 3.2. Khao sat hieu qua taeh dau (dang nhu twang chira ham lugng dau Idn han 470mg/l van ed thi hoa) eiia phwang phap tuyen noi duge xir ly bing ky thuat tach vi sdng de dat dugc tieu chuin diu trong nudc thai thap han quy djnh Oe nhirng sl lieu thyc nghiem cho phep so sanh cho phep. va danh gia hieu qua tach diu ciia phuang phap tach vi sdng vdi cac phuang phap taeh khac, chung Qua do thj dugc xay dyng tir kit qua khao sat tdi da thyc hien viec tach cac miu nhu tuang diu vl mli tuang quan giO'a hieu suit taeh diu cua thilt nudc theo phuang phap tuyen noi. bj taeh vi sdng va ning dp diu trong nudc thai, cd the ngoai suy va dy doan cho ngudng nong dp diu Tuyln noi la phuang phap kha pho biln dugc eye dai eho phep cd thi chira trong nudc thai dl xir dung dl tach diu ra khdi nudc thai, thdng thudng ly bing phuang phap taeh vi sdng dat ning dp thai phuang phap tuyln noi muon dat hieu qua tach cao cho phep khoang 500mg/l. cOng dn cd nhO'ng tac nhan khac ho trg. Vi thi de thyc hien viec taeh diu trong eae miu nudc thai thir - Rieng dii vdi nudc thai ed chira ham lugng nghiem, chung tdi ehpn phuang phap tuyen noi diu 280mg/l thi sir dung phuang phap tach vi bing khdng khi hda tan (DAF) vdi tae nhan phu trg sdng cd thi cho ta kit qua rit In tugng la hoan la chit pha nhO duge them vao miu thu' vdi cac toan dap irng tieu chuin thai ra mdi trudng d trong ning dp khac nhau. Vl mat ly thuylt phuang phap dit liln. Oilu nay cung ed nghTa nong dp diu trong tuyln noi nay cho phep tach cac gipt diu nhd tdi nude thai sau khi xa ly bang ky thuat tach vi sdng 1pm. Cae mau nudc thai thir nghiem d phuang chi eon 5mg/l. phap tuyln nli eung duge chuan bj gilng nhu cae oli vdi nhu-ng mau nudc thai cd chira ham miu nude thai thir nghiem cho phuang phap tach vi lugng diu >280 mg/l thi cd thi dn phai thyc hien sdng. Cung tuang ty nhu cac thir nghiem da thyc viec xa ly bae 2 cOng bing chinh phuang phap tach hien d phin khao sat hieu qua tach diu ciia phuang vi sdng nay hoae bing mpt phuang phap tach khac phap vi sdng, d phin khao sat hieu qua tach diu de dat tieu chuan thai ra mdi trudng theo quy djnh bing phuang phap tuyln noi, chung tdi tiin hanh ciia phap luat hien hanh. khao sat dl lya chpn cac diiu kien van hanh tii uu 56 DAU KHI ^ 30 8/2010
11. PETROVIETNAM ciia phuang phap tuyln noi nay, cu thi la cae thdng - Cd the thiy kha rd rang phuang phap tuyen noi sl: pH cua mau thir, khao sat lugng chit pha nhu va (DAF) ed them chit pha nhu la phuang phap taeh va thdi gian tach miu dn thilt. thu hoi diu trong nudc thai d dang nhu tuang tuyet * Kit qua khao sat, lwa chon cae thdng so thi vdi trong vung ning dp diu trong nude thai tu 20mg/l nghiem toi wu din 470mg/l. Kit qua khao sat hieu suit taeh diu ciia phuang - Nhirng gi da dugc nhan xet cho thi nghiem phap tuyln nli lien quan tdi pH, lien quan tdi thdi gian tuang ty doi vdi phuang phap taeh vi sdng thi eung tach, lien quan tdi ham lugng chit pha nhu chpn eae hoan toan cd thi van dung de nhan xet eho hieu qua thdng sl tii uu sau: taeh diu ciia phuang phap tach nhu tuang diu trong nudc thai theo phuang phap tuyen noi (OAF) - pH = 7; cd them hda chit pha nhu. Ca 2 phuang phap tach - Thdi gian tach = 50 phut; diu tir nudc thai nay cd thi vu-a dap irng ylu tl yeu - Ning dp chit pha nhO = 20mg/l; cau xir ly dl dap irng tieu ehuan thai ra mdi trudng Vdi pH = 6,5 cho hieu suit tach diu cao nhlt ma cdn dap irng kha nang thu hii diu tu' nudc thai nhung chpn pH = 7. nhiem diu phuc vu tieu ehi phat trien bin vii'ng trong san xult. Sau khi da khao sat va lya ehpn eae thdng sl thi nghiem tdi uu cho cae diiu kien van hanh eua Tu" kit qua tren ed thi nhan xet nhu sau: phuang phap tuyln noi la pH, thdi gian tach va ndng - Hieu suit taeh diu ciia ea 2 phuang phap vi dp ciia chit pha nhu, ta tiin hanh thi nghiem dl khao sdng va tuyln nil diu rat tuyet vdi cho vung ndng dp sat sy tuang quan giira hieu suit taeh diu eiia diu trong nudc thai tir 20mg/l din dudi 500 mg/l. phuang phap tuyln noi vdi ning dp diu trong miu - Chi ed sy khac biet rit nhd vl hieu suit tach ciia nude thai thir nghiem. 2 phuang phap taeh diu nay d vung ning dp ban diu Thi nghiem dugc thyc hien bang each giii' el djnh va vung ning dp culi. Vung ning dp diu 20 - 40 mg/l cac thdng sl pH = 7, thdi gian tach = 50 phut va ham thi hieu suit taeh eua phuang phap tuyln noi cao han lugng chit pha nhu = 20mg/l. Cdn ham lugng diu cua mpt chut so vdi phuang phap vi sdng. Cdn d vung miu nude thai dugc thay dii tii' 20 - 470 mg/l va mdi ning dp cuoi 420 - 470 mg/l thi hieu suit tach cua lin each biet tu' miu nay din miu kl can la 10 mg/l. phuang phap vi sdng trpi han so phuang phap tuyln Thir nghiem dugc tiin hanh khao sat dl xae djnh hieu nil. Oilu nay eung trung hgp vdi cac nghien cuu khac qua taeh diu cua phuang phap tuyln noi vdi ning dp vl phuang phap tuyln nli la cho hieu suit tach khdng diu trong miu nude thai. Kit qua khao sat so sanh duge tit khi ning dp dIu/nude > 500mg/l. vdi phuang phap vi sdng dien thi hien d Ol thj 6. - Cd thi xem hieu suit tach diu eua phuang phap So sAnh hl^u suAt tAch dAu ttieo hAm luMpno d^u/ninirc tach vi sdng tuang ty vdi phuang phap tuyln noi giOa phivo^g phAp vi sOng vA phu>o.ng phAp tuyAn n6l truyin thong. Viec so sanh hai phuang phap nay se cdn duge dl cap din cae khia canh: Gia thanh xa ly, mire dp phirc tap khi van hanh thilt bj eOng nhu sy yeu du bao dudng thilt bj (se dugc dl cap d bai bao khac). Ket luan Qua kit qua thir nghiem cdng nghe vi sdng de 4O0 500 tach nhu tuang dlu/nudc trong nude thai nhiim diu Htm lu^ng cliu/niJ.«.c (nig/l> tren thilt bi taeh vi sdng ty ehi tao. Chung tdi cd the Do thj 6. Hieu qua tach dau (dang nhu tuang) cua phuang khang djnh ring thilt bj tach vi sdng cd kha nang tach phap tach vi sdng va phuang phap tuyin noi (DAF) va thu hii diu dudi dang nhu tuang dlu/nudc vdi DAU KHi - 36 8/201 n 57
12. hieu qua cao, dap irng dly du cac tieu chuin mdi Tai lieu tham khao trudng ciia Viet Nam va khdng thua kem bit ky 1. Le Thj Phugng va nnk. Xir ly nw&e thai bSngi phuang phap tach va thu hii diu bing cac cdng nghe phwang phap vi sdng dien tir de thu hoi diu a thi nhu\ truyin thing khac. twang trong nw&c thai nhiim diu. Bao cao tong kit d| Ngoai ra, cac cdng nghe taeh vi sdng la edng tai nghien cu'u khoa hpe dp nganh 2008. nghe tach vat ly nen bao toan dagc diu d nhiim dl 2. Steve King. Small Quantity Generator Dili tai sir dung. Cdng nghe tach vi sdng khong san sinh Wasterwater Management Study. Final Reporl bat ky cac san phim phu nao khac cd thi gay d 11/1999. nhiim thir dp nhu phuang phap tuyen noi DAF do ed them phu gia pha nhu hay cac phuang phap xir ly 3. George R. Ahher. Put the Breaks on waste nhu tuang dlu/nudc bing cdng nghe hda hpe. Ngoai water Emulsion. Biomin - Ine, 8/2008. ra do thilt bj vi sdng gpn nhe, bin ehic va van hanh 4. John N. Veenstra. Ph. D. P. E. Refinery waste dan gian nen khdng ddi hdi mat bing rdng, dn it water Management Using Multiple. Angle Oil Wa^ nhan cdng van hanh, chi phi bao dudng thilt bj Seperator. As paper presented at the Internation thip la nhirng uu viet vl kinh tl eua edng nghe nay Petroleum Environment Conference New Mexic dem lai ma cac cdng nghe taeh truyin thing khac 10/1998. khdng cd. Chung tdi mong mudn va tin tudng ring 5. Kenneth R. Abison; David S. Me Caffeyjj trong tuang lai gin Viet Nam se sir dung rdng rai Microwave Separation Technology (MST). Effective edng nghe taeh vi sdng trong viec xir ly va thu hoi diu Seperation Emulsions to Reduce Associate d nhiem trong nudc thai nhiim diu gdp phin bao ve Environmental Impacts and Increase Processin hieu qua mdi trudng. Capabilities. 9/2000. • 58 DAU KHi - 36 8/2010