Sinh học - Công nghệ khí hóa than

Nội dung text: Sinh học - Công nghệ khí hóa than

1. CÔNG NGHỆ KHÍ HÓA THAN PGS.TS. Văn Đình Sơn Thọ Bộ môn Công nghệ hữu cơ – hóa dầu Khoa Công nghệ Hóa học Đại học Bách Khoa Hà Nội Email : thovds-petrochem@mail.hut.edu.vn thovds@yahoo.com Tel : 097.360.4372
2. Key Technology : Gasification Gasifier Gas Gasification with Oxygen Composition 1 C + /2 O2 CO (Vol %) H 25 - 30 Feedstock Combustion with Oxygen 2 C + O2 CO2 CO 30 - 60 CO2 5 - 15 C, H, O, N, S, Cl, Ash Gasification with Carbon Dioxide H2O 2 - 30 C + CO2 2CO CH4 0 - 5 Gasification with Steam H2S 0.2 - 1 Oxygen C + H2O CO + H2 COS 0 - 0.1 N2 0.5 - 4 Gasification with Hydrogen Ar 0.2 - 1 C + 2H2 CH4 NH3 + HCN 0 -0.3 Water-Gas Shift Ash/Slag/PM Steam CO + H2O H2 + CO2 Heating value Methanation 250 Btu/scf CO + 3H2 CH4 + H2O (1/4 of natural gas)
3. What is Gasification Combustion Gasification 1. Oxidant : Air Carbon 1. Oxidant : O2 Ash ·Excess O2 ·Excess fuel Sulfur 2. Product : CO , H O 2. Product : CO, H 2 2 Nitrogen 2 Ash Hydrogen Slag Water 3 Pollutant : SOx, NOx 3 Pollutant : H2S, NH3 4. Application 4. Application ·Power plant (Steam turbine) · Power plant (Combined cycle) · Chemical production : Methanol, Dimethyl Ether · Fuel production : Liquid Fuel : Substitute Natural Gas : Hydrogen
4. Combustion & Gasification Products Complete combustion condition CH H2S 4 Gasification Zone SO2 Combustion Zone 100% 90% O2 H2O 80% H2 70% 60% 50% C 40% CO2 Mole(%) fraction 30% CO 20% 10% 0% 0.1 0.7 1.3 1.9 2.5 3.1 O2/Coal (Moisture ash free basis)
5. The Case of Coal  Low cost  Abundant (domestic) resources  Energy security  Clean coal is not an oxymoron  High and volatile crude oil, natural gas prices
6. How has Gasification been Used?  A New but old technology  Making “town gas” from coal  First practical use of town gas in modern times was for street lighting in America and Europe  The first public street lighting with gas took place in Pall Mall, London on January 28, 1807  Baltimore, Maryland began the first commercial gas lighting of residences, streets, and businesses in 1816  Manufactured gas plants – prior to discovery and use of natural gas
7. How has Gasification been Used?  Used during World War II to convert coal into transportation fuels (Fischer – Tropsch) Used extensively in the last 50+ years to convert coal and heavy oil into hydrogen – for the production of ammonia/urea fertilizer Chemical industry (1960’s) Refinery industry (1980’s) Global power industry (Today)
8. Syngas Compositions H2 CO C H4 C O 2 N2 70 60 50 40 30 Molefraction(%) 20 10 0 Flu id KRW Moving Movingdry ash slaggingMoving slagging Fluid transport Entrained two dry EntrainedEntrained single dryEntrained two slurry two slurry Entrained single slurry
9. GE Energy (formerly Texaco process)  Coal-water slurry feed  Oxygen-blown  Refractory-lined gasifier  Good for bituminous coal, pet coke, or blends of pet coke with low-rank coals  GE Energy provides gasification technology  GE Power provides combined cycle plant  EPC alliance with Bechtel for guarantees on total IGCC plant
10. ConocoPhillips (E-Gas process) Coal-water slurry feed Oxygen-blown Refractory-lined gasifier Good for a wide range of coals, from pet coke to PRB, and blends ConocoPhillips provides gasification technology and process guarantee Project specific EPC and combined cycle supplier alliances
11. Shell Dry feed (coal is crushed and dried and then fed into gasifier) Oxygen-blown Waterwall in gasifier Good for wide variety of feedstocks, from pet coke to PRB Shell provides gasification technology Alliance with Black & Veatch and Uhde for engineering
12. How has Gasification been Used?
13. How has Gasification been Used?  Methanol : CO+2H2 → CH3OH  Combustion : CO + H2 + O2 → CO2 + H2O (for Methanol) (for Fuel)  Dimethyl Ether : 3CO + 3H2 → CH3OCH3+CO2  Water Gas Shift : CO + H2O → CO2 + H2 (for Demethyl-Ether) (for hydrogen and CO2 recovery)  Fischer-Tropsch : nCO + 2nH2 → (-CH2-)n + nH2O  Methanation : CO + 3H2 → CH4 + H2O (for diesel and naphtha) (for Substitute Natural Gas) Syngas IGCC (Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle) IGFC (Integrated Gasification Fuel Cell) CO2 H Coal Gasification CO, H 2 2 Shift reaction Methanation Substitute Natural Gas Diesel fuel Synthesis DME Methanol
14. Cumulative Worldwide Gasification Capacity and Growth
15. Gasification by Primary Feedstock
16. Gasification by Product
17. Schematic of a Generic IGCC Power Plant Other Chemical Moisture Products Combustibles Combustion Chamber Heat Recovery Ash Synthesis gas Steam Generator Air Oxygen Exhaust (CO, H2) Stack Generator Coal Water Electricity Compressor Steam Water Activated Charcoal Bed Generator Condenser Heated Sulfur Electricity Water Removal Cooling Water Electricity Sulfur Acid Particulate Removal Pure Sulfur Gasifier Slag Solids & Co-Products
18. Operating IGCC Projects
19. Conventional Coal Power Plant
20. IGCC Efficiency Efficiency ↑ CO2/kwh ↓
21. Pollutants Emission NOx SO2 Particulates lb/MMBTU Traditional PC Retrofit Older PC Advanced IGCC IGCC NGCC With Scrubber & SCR PC/SCPC/CFB with MDEA with Rectisol & With SCR (using low- S Coal) Absorber SCR Type of Power Plant
22. Where has IGCC Been Used?
23. Cool Water IGCC Demonstration Project Daggett, CA  First demonstration of IGCC in the U.S.  1984-89  110 MW size  Texaco gasifier and GE combined cycle  1,150 TPD Utah coal  Co-funded by Southern California Edison, Texaco, GE & EPRI  Considerable information provided for development of full-scale plant
24. Wabash River Generating Station Start-up July 1995 ConocoPhillips (formerly Destec) E-Gas gasifier 2,500 TPD coal and/or pet coke DOE Clean Coal Technology Program : repowering of existing unit Power generation  Combustion turbine: 192 MW  Steam turbine: 104 MW  Internal load: 34 MW  Net output: 262 MW
25. Wabash River Generating Station : process
26. Wabash River Clean Coal Project A Case Study for Cleaner Air
27. Polk Power Station Start-up July 1996 GE Energy (formerly Texaco) gasifier  2,500 TPD coal/pet coke blend  DOE Clean Coal Technology Program : new plant  Power generation  Combustion turbine: 192 MW  Steam turbine: 120 MW  Internal load: 60 MW  Net output: 252 MW
28. Polk Power Station : process
29. SASOL Located in South Africa Started up in 1955 Lurgi gasifiers (97) Fischer-Tropsch process converts syngas to liquid fuels Now processes 90,000 tons coal/day into 160,000 barrels/day of transportation fuels
30. Dakota Gasification Company Great Plains Synfuels Plant  Beulah, North Dakota  Part of Basin Electric Power Cooperative  Started up in 1984  Converts 16,000 tons/day of North Dakota lignite to:  Synthetic natural gas  Fertilizers  Chemicals  CO2: pressurized and piped 205 miles to Saskatchewan and sold for use in enhanced oil recovery by EnCana and Apache Canada
31. Eastman Chemical - Kingsport, Tennessee  “Coal-to-Chemicals” Facility  Started up in 1983  Originally part of Eastman Kodak  Texaco gasifiers  Gasifies 1,200 TPD Central Appalachian medium sulfur coal  Sulfur compounds and ash are removed from the syngas  Syngas is used to make methanol, acetic acid, acetic anhydride, methyl acetate
32. Coal to Substitute Natural Gas H2/CO : 0.5~0.7 . CO + 3 H2 → CH4 + H2O . Condition : 200~300℃ : Ni based catalyst . CO + H2O→ CO2 + H2 . Condition : 200~400℃ : Co-Mo based catalyst
33. Coal to Hydrogen . CO + H2O→ CO2 + H2 . Condition : 200~400℃ : Co-Mo based catalyst
34. Coal to Liquid Fuel Transportation Fuel FT synthesis Upgrading H2 . 3CO + 3H2 → CH3OCH3+CO2 . Condition : 230~270℃ : Cu/ZnO + Al2O3 based catalyst . CO + 2H2 → CH3OH . nCO + (2n+1) H2 → H-(CH2)-H + H2O . Condition : 230~270℃ . Condition : 250~450℃ : Cu/ZnO based catalyst : Ni or Fe based catalyst
35. Waste Gasification with Gas Engine 70 Ton/Day, 2 trains Capacity (Japan, Mutsu) Combustibles : 45.2 % Waste Ash : 7.0% composition Moisture : 47.8% Gas engine 35~36% efficiency Net 19% Efficiency Dioxin : 0.0023 ng-TEQ/Nm3 Particulates : < 2mg/Nm3 Emission SOx : 11 ppm HCl : 0.4 ppm NOx : 10ppm
36. Waste Gasification with Fuel Cell Fuel cell capacity 300 kW (Japan ) Feedstock/ syngas waste + low temperature wet cleaning scrubbing Fuel cell MCFC Power Fuel cell : 336 kW, Turbine : 22kW Efficiency 54 %
37. Waste Gasification with Methanol Production British Gas Lurgi slagging gasifier Gasifier (Germany, Schwarze Pumpe ) Capacity 30 Ton/h Methanol : Product 120,000Ton/h Power : 35MW
38. The Challenges  High capital cost  Reliability concerns  Financing issues  Economies of scale  Market risks
39. Co-fed, Co-production Source : Driving Clean Coal Forward, Peter de Wit, Shell Gas & Power
40. 300 MW IGCC Demonstration Plant in KOREA  Project schedule 2006. 12 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014.11 Design Doosan Heavy Industries and Construction Construction Korea Western Power Operation & Optimization Korea Electric Power research Institute 30 Ton/Day pilot plant development Korea Electric Power research Institute Project Target : Thermal efficiency > 42% (HHV basis) : NOX < 30 ppm, SOX : < 15 ppm
41. Conclusions  Global demand for Gasification is increasing  Chemicals/SNG (Substitute Natural Gas)  Transportation liquids  IGCC (Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle)  Gasification plant developers are facing more challenges  Global materials and labor cost increases  Carbon capture and storage
42. Thank you for your attention